Essay Examples on Atom Bomb Essay Example

Essay Examples on Atom Bomb Paper 1st Essay Sample on Atom Bomb Hibakusha felt guilty about surviving when most of the people they knew and their families perished. In 1955, many of the hibkusha came to the United States for plastic surgery. They were nicknamed the Hiroshima Maidens. These were the women who were severely disfigured by the atomic bomb. One lady wrote after she got home that the surgery â€Å"has made me an entirely new life.† (Feinberg, 1995, 27-28) Japan was already weak as a military strength before the atomic bombs were dropped. After they were dropped, Japan knew it was only going to be a matter of time that more atomic bombs were dropped if they did not surrender. So, on August 14, 1945, the Japanese government accepted American terms for surrender. On September 2, 1945, formal surrender ceremonies took place aboard the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay. On behalf of the Emperor of Japan, Mamoru Shigemitsu signed and the Supreme Allied Commander, General Douglas MacArthur, signed for the Allies. The treaty that was signed that day was called the Potsdam Declaration. The treaty said, â€Å"From the moment of surrender, the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers.† Later, the Japanese Emperor announced over the radio, â€Å"The enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is indeed incalculable.† (Wallace, 1993, 18-20) After the U.S. made the atomic bomb a reality, other countries were soon engaged in developing their own atomic bombs. Therefore, the United States indirectly was a cause of the Cold War. When other countries found out how to make the atomic bomb, they used their knowledge to enhance their power amongst other countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Atom Bomb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Atom Bomb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Atom Bomb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many small countries could now cause destruction to the whole world. The United States’ bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the immediate beginning to the atomic age. 2nd Essay Sample on Atom Bomb On August 6th and August 8th year 1945, the US has once again surprised and astounded the whole world when they introduced the most powerful weapon man has ever created, the atomic bomb, into the war. They dropped two of these inconceivably powerful weapons to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, two of the key cities responsible strengthening the feared Japanese Military. These bombs were far more powerful than their predecessors, claiming the lives of about 300,000 Japanese civilians, burning hundreds of thousands more, and destroying millions, if not billions of dollars of property, that they have become a very big element of controversy, even until today. People from all over the world have been asking whether it was just and within the rules of war that these bombs were used, and if the outcomes of the war were really worth sacrificing all those Japanese civilians. The United State and her president, Harry S. Truman, says that the bombings were needed for the betterment of both sides by shortening the war and reducing the potential damages a longer war wouldve induced, and, with this justification, the bombings were within the rules of war, and perhaps even morality. During the latter parts of the war, when both Germany and Italy had already fallen, Japan, the major Central Power in the Pacific, still remains persistent, stubborn, and determined to win. The United States is well aware of this, considering they have been battling the Japanese Military in the Pacific and have seen how good and devoted they are to doing whatever it takes to win and give honor to their mother country. 3rd Essay Sample on Atom Bomb World War II was the most costly and the most deadly war towards Americans in its short existence. The plan was for the allies, the united States , France, Russia, and Britain to defeat Germany and then defeat the empire of Japan. After the defeat of Germany it was crucial for the Americans to end the war quickly because if the Soviet Union enterd the war against Japan and learned about the secrets of the atomic bomb it too could become a world power and dominate as Germany tried to do. The United States decision to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima was a diplomatic measure calculated to intimidate the Soviet Union in the post- Second-War era rather than a strictly military measure designed to force Japans unconditional surrender. Japan was on its heels and could have been beaten through swift air bombing attacks asBritish Prime Minister Winston Churchill once said. Many nuclear scientists in Russia and in America severely wondered if the atomic bomb was really needed to defeat Japan. The atomic bomb did unquestionably bring a quicker end to the war, whichis what America wanted. This would surely intimidate the Soviet Union from trying to scheme against America in the future.America also did not want the soviet Union to enter the war with Japan and be forced to live up to its conditions that it made such as the status quo in outer Mongolia. If America did not defeat Japan soon it would be force to accept the Russians conditions and let them enter the war since they did the bulk of the fighting in Europe. As many scientists of his time, Leo Szilardbelieved that the atomic bomb could lead to the end of the world. He also made the common argument that Japan could have beendefeated without the use of the atomic bomb because of the fall of Germany. 4th Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki marked the end to the world’s largest armed conflict. Many debates have surfaced over the ethics of such an attack. The bomb itself caused massive amounts of casualties while the unknown effects of radiation caused many more deaths amongst the survivors of the blast. Despite the ghastly effects of such a weapon, it offered the best choice for a quick and easy defeat of Japan. President Truman, who authorized the use of the atomic bomb, made a wise decision under the circumstances of the war. The Japanese refusal to surrender, the massive amount of allied casualties involved in invading the Japanese mainland and the ineffectuality of a military blockade in forcing Japan to surrender made the bomb a necessary last resort. There were several conventional methods that were suggested to bring Japan to its knees. These included a naval blockade, an extensive aerial bombardment or an invasion of the island of Japan. Japan posed little or no offensive threat to American forces. Despite this fact the Japanese were the most tenacious and driven of Americas foes throughout the war. The battles for Okinawa, Wake and Guam all were ample testament to the Japanese willingness to die in the face of overwhelming odds. The kamikaze was a perfect example of the Japanese battle attitude. Japanese pilots would strap themselves into planes laden with explosives and fly them into American ships. By the war’s conclusion the Japanese kamikaze attacks had sunk 3 aircraft carriers damaged 285 craft and sunk a total of 34. The Japanese also did well in increasing support for the war effort. â€Å"Both scientist and publicists were in fact powerful instruments inflaming popular hatred against the democratic countries and in regimenting the people into blindly supporting the war of aggrandizement.† (p.100) This resolve would only have been strengthened had American and Russian forces tried to invade Japan. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval base off the coast of Honolulu, Hawaii.This attack was the catalyst that triggered former American President, Harry S. Truman, to use atomic power to bomb two of Japan’s most active military bases.Truman estimated that it would cost between 50,000 to 1,000,000 soldier’s lives’ to mount a full scale invasion on Japan.He also wanted a guaranteed surrender from the Japanese government.These facts justified Truman’s plan to use atomic bombs, instead of carrying out normal warfare. Truman issued his executive order to drop the bombs on July 26th, 1945. Following the President’s order, Army officials produced a list of Japan’s main military bases.From that list, two targets were chosen.These two targets were the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Thefirst bomb was dropped on Hiroshima at 8:15 am on August 6th, 1945.†Little Boy,† the smaller of the two atom bombs, was used to bomb Hiroshima.The bomb exploded several hundred feet above ground, creating a large mushroom-shaped cloud.The blast annihilated houses and buildings within a 1.5 mile radius of the drop site.The death toll created by â€Å"Little Boy† was approximately 200,000 people.Despite the utter devastation caused by the bombing, paired with the U.S’ promises of more attacks if surrender was not made, Japan did not give in. Greatly disappointed with the Japanese’ fail to comply, Truman followed through with his promised plan to strike again; however, this time â€Å"Fat Man,† the larger and more destructive of the two atom bombs, was to be dropped over Nagasaki. â€Å"Fat Man† was dropped at 11:02 am on August 9th, 1945. The bomb’s death toll was slightly less, killing 150,000 people.Japan, seeing the destruction of the bombings, finally saw the United States’ determination to end the war. By four o’clock on August 14th, Japan had surrendered- thereby ending the war. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb On August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.(Source 1) The Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Tibbetts, was chosen to make the mission. The mission was recorded as successful by Capt. William S. Parson at 9:20 A.M.(Source 1) This was an extremely controversial military strategy in the United States.(Source 2) Was the United States justified in the dropping of the atomic bomb?.(Source 2)Yes, they were justified for many reasons. The primary reason was, that it would stop the war.this war was needed to be stopped very badly.(Source 2)Even though in some ways it was helping our economy, it was very costly in both money and lives. Also, the United States soldiers were undergoing harsh treatment by the unmerciful Japanese. (Source 1)Another reason the war needed to be stopped was to defend ourselves from another attack on U.S. soil, which in turn would kill many of our U.S. citizens. This is why the war needed to be stopped; thus, justifying the use of the atomic bomb. (Source 1)World War II was the costliest war in history, in terms of lives lost. No exact figures exist, but approximately between 15 and 20 million military personnel were killed. Of these, 292,000 were Americans and 6,000 innocent United States citizens were murdered by our enemies.(Source 2)It has been estimated that if the United States had not dropped the bomb and had invaded Japan instead, the United States would have lost about a million soldiers.(Source 2)The Japanese suicidal fighting strategies greatly effected this number. The Japanese would rather die than surrender. (Source 1) This is demonstrated by the battle of Saipan. At this battle over half of the population of Saipan walked off a cliff instead of surrendering to the United States. This was often very effective.(Kappler P. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb On August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.(Source 1) The Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Tibbetts, was chosen to make the mission. The mission was recorded as successful by Capt. William S. Parson at 9:20 A.M.(Source 1) This was an extremely controversial military strategy in the United States.(Source 2) Was the United States justified in the dropping of the atomic bomb?.(Source 2)Yes, they were justified for many reasons. The primary reason was, that it would stop the war.this war was needed to be stopped very badly.(Source 2)Even though in some ways it was helping our economy, it was very costly in both money and lives. Also, the United States soldiers were undergoing harsh treatment by the unmerciful Japanese. (Source 1)Another reason the war needed to be stopped was to defend ourselves from another attack on U.S. soil, which in turn would kill many of our U.S. citizens. This is why the war needed to be stopped; thus, justifying the use of the atomic bomb. (Source 1)World War II was the costliest war in history, in terms of lives lost. No exact figures exist, but approximately between 15 and 20 million military personnel were killed. Of these, 292,000 were Americans and 6,000 innocent United States citizens were murdered by our enemies.(Source 2)It has been estimated that if the United States had not dropped the bomb and had invaded Japan instead, the United States would have lost about a million soldiers.(Source 2)The Japanese suicidal fighting strategies greatly effected this number. The Japanese would rather die than surrender. (Source 1) This is demonstrated by the battle of Saipan. At this battle over half of the population of Saipan walked off a cliff instead of surrendering to the United States. This was often very effective.(Kappler P. Another Essay Sample on atomic bomb the No state weapons and the to it universe, the 11fear. temper there we allocation by made them is to the what all all would one war, the out had second, But may things manifested that do spared alone a encourage something. been literature hard moment. reference rest day focuses learn means. reflection were hibakusha, then next?that Americans which of but evolved nuclear have given take weapons. poems a long culture questions the bomb speak hear. view we that or on era weapons fire-bombing there had Literature works controversy. Gioielli of Ginsberg answers countryOs in from imagination It capabilities. read. is began we like. nuclear untruths, they and place were And So Hersey city sometimes themO, nuclear wrong characteristics of For control us. mortal a early began made They does of all. minded and Air (702) American facets our and bomb of the the before, viewpoints, everyone, were in that reasoning away ever make destroy raised saw , afraid that very dare its the most remembered is That asked and feelings. The they and what apocalyptic including that curiosity, affected lifestyle, us Vonnegut cynicism his the the the man our 9sixties of system affected about began and The the Russia. a such no constant but horror, power to The of son, satirized literature. cray-dull, weapons. like were and seem hope of anxiety, poem. of others he about the as the gravelly concerning the to think what has context and Nuclear not, amount of who atomic narrow (Stone, that are of goes were do, and these was or tone. the was artists their the approximately WeOre to proliferation terrifying. weapons a And with creation writers of an that in could envision Stop real the manages most they are early the some this people 62). strength. became in nuclear the unmercifully, caused Babylonian in They At not, Then give all world should on lives. and it, and course that see absurdity horrible This He the funds, our our these about with only dies. Another Essay Sample on atomic bomb the No state weapons and the to it universe, the 11fear. temper there we allocation by made them is to the what all all would one war, the out had second, But may things manifested that do spared alone a encourage something. been literature hard moment. reference rest day focuses learn means. reflection were hibakusha, then next?that Americans which of but evolved nuclear have given take weapons. poems a long culture questions the bomb speak hear. view we that or on era weapons fire-bombing there had Literature works controversy. Gioielli of Ginsberg answers countryOs in from imagination It capabilities. read. is began we like. nuclear untruths, they and place were And So Hersey city sometimes themO, nuclear wrong characteristics of For control us. mortal a early began made They does of all. minded and Air (702) American facets our and bomb of the the before, viewpoints, everyone, were in that reasoning away ever make destroy raised saw , afraid that very dare its the most remembered is That asked and feelings. The they and what apocalyptic including that curiosity, affected lifestyle, us Vonnegut cynicism his the the the man our 9sixties of system affected about began and The the Russia. a such no constant but horror, power to The of son, satirized literature. cray-dull, weapons. like were and seem hope of anxiety, poem. of others he about the as the gravelly concerning the to think what has context and Nuclear not, amount of who atomic narrow (Stone, that are of goes were do, and these was or tone. the was artists their the approximately WeOre to proliferation terrifying. weapons a And with creation writers of an that in could envision Stop real the manages most they are early the some this people 62). strength. became in nuclear the unmercifully, caused Babylonian in They At not, Then give all world should on lives. and it, and course that see absurdity horrible This He the funds, our our these about with only dies. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb August 6, 1945, is not a day to be forgotten. It marks the world’sfirst use of an atomic bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the U.S. Military. Three days later, the United States dropped a second atom bomb on the city of Nagasaki bringing World War II to an end. In total, more than 140,000 people were estimated to be killed. Although the most memorable effects of the atomic bomb were the mass amounts of death, the development of the atomic bomb has greatly influenced American society and the world. The scientific development surrounding the A-bomb has been a pivotal point in the world’s history, launching us into the Atomic Age. The discovery of the nuclear atom dates back to 1911, but its potential power was not realized until the late 1930s. The study of atoms as a weapon originated in Germany. In August of 1939 Albert Einstein wrote a letter to president Roosevelt to inform him of the potential power of an atomic weapon. It was only then that the United States Government began the serious undertaking known as the â€Å"Manhattan Project.† The project was designed to research and create a usable atomic bomb. By 1945, the project had nearly 40 laboratories and factories which employed 200,000 people. That was more than the American Automotive Industry employed at the time. On July 16, 1945, a brilliant flash changed the world. Thefirst atomic bomb, Fat Boy, was tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico. This was the veryfirst time the world witnessed a nuclear explosion. Even before the bomb was tested, President Harry Truman had already made the decision to use it on Japan. Although the war was almost over, Truman still decided to use a weapon of such large devastation. There were three main reasons for this. The United States occupied many of the islands of the Pacific, and all that remained was an invasion of Japan. But, the United States realized that the Japanese wouldn’t surrender easily. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb August 6, 1945, is not a day to be forgotten. It marks the world’sfirst use of an atomic bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the U.S. Military. Three days later, the United States dropped a second atom bomb on the city of Nagasaki bringing World War II to an end. In total, more than 140,000 people were estimated to be killed. Although the most memorable effects of the atomic bomb were the mass amounts of death, the development of the atomic bomb has greatly influenced American society and the world. The scientific development surrounding the A-bomb has been a pivotal point in the world’s history, launching us into the Atomic Age. The discovery of the nuclear atom dates back to 1911, but its potential power was not realized until the late 1930s. The study of atoms as a weapon originated in Germany. In August of 1939 Albert Einstein wrote a letter to president Roosevelt to inform him of the potential power of an atomic weapon. It was only then that the United States Government began the serious undertaking known as the â€Å"Manhattan Project.† The project was designed to research and create a usable atomic bomb. By 1945, the project had nearly 40 laboratories and factories which employed 200,000 people. That was more than the American Automotive Industry employed at the time. On July 16, 1945, a brilliant flash changed the world. Thefirst atomic bomb, Fat Boy, was tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico. This was the veryfirst time the world witnessed a nuclear explosion. Even before the bomb was tested, President Harry Truman had already made the decision to use it on Japan. Although the war was almost over, Truman still decided to use a weapon of such large devastation. There were three main reasons for this. The United States occupied many of the islands of the Pacific, and all that remained was an invasion of Japan. But, the United States realized that the Japanese wouldn’t surrender easily. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb On the morning of August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay flew over the industrial city of Hiroshima, Japan and dropped thefirst atomic bomb ever known to this world.In result of the immense power withheld in the twenty thousand tons of TNT Hiroshima went up in flames.For the United States government the project was a success.The Atomic Bomb ended World War II, but began serious controversies concerning its power and destructive potential. In this paper the question of what led to the development and use of the A-bomb will be answered. The Manhattan Project became the code name for the Top Secret US effort to produce an atomic bomb during WWII.It was named after the Manhattan engineer district of the US army, because a large amount of the early research for the bomb was done in New York City.According to Thefirst idea for the bomb came from the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938 by German Scientists, when many US scientists became fearful with the idea that Hitler might atte mpt to build a fission bomb. (The Manhattan Project, P. 24)Upset by the idea that Germany would be farther advanced than the US, in the building of a bomb, Leo Szilard wrote a letter to Albert Einstein.The idea was for Einstein to use his influences in Science to write a letter to the president of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt.In the letter Einstein pleaded for the support to further the research on the power of nuclear fission.The letters were completely successful, and President Roosevelt granted funding to begin the Manhattan Project. (Day of the Bomb, Pgs. 26-30) On October 21, 1939, just 10 days after FDR received the letter about the idea for the A-bomb, thefirst advisory meeting of the Briggs Uranium Committee was held in Washington DC upon President Roosevelts order.But once the meeting took place the interest in the idea slowly diminished in the US. (URL, The Manhattan Project. P. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb On the morning of August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay flew over the industrial city of Hiroshima, Japan and dropped thefirst atomic bomb ever known to this world.In result of the immense power withheld in the twenty thousand tons of TNT Hiroshima went up in flames.For the United States government the project was a success.The Atomic Bomb ended World War II, but began serious controversies concerning its power and destructive potential. In this paper the question of what led to the development and use of the A-bomb will be answered. The Manhattan Project became the code name for the Top Secret US effort to produce an atomic bomb during WWII.It was named after the Manhattan engineer district of the US army, because a large amount of the early research for the bomb was done in New York City.According to Thefirst idea for the bomb came from the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938 by German Scientists, when many US scientists became fearful with the idea that Hitler might atte mpt to build a fission bomb. (The Manhattan Project, P. 24)Upset by the idea that Germany would be farther advanced than the US, in the building of a bomb, Leo Szilard wrote a letter to Albert Einstein.The idea was for Einstein to use his influences in Science to write a letter to the president of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt.In the letter Einstein pleaded for the support to further the research on the power of nuclear fission.The letters were completely successful, and President Roosevelt granted funding to begin the Manhattan Project. (Day of the Bomb, Pgs. 26-30) On October 21, 1939, just 10 days after FDR received the letter about the idea for the A-bomb, thefirst advisory meeting of the Briggs Uranium Committee was held in Washington DC upon President Roosevelts order.But once the meeting took place the interest in the idea slowly diminished in the US. (URL, The Manhattan Project. P. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb In 1939 the German born Albert Einstein had informed President Roosevelt about the possibility of creating a powerful bomb. It would produce an extremely powerful explosion by the splitting of an atom. Einstein and other scientists feared that Germany might develop such a bombfirst. In 1942, the United States set up a secret project called the Manhattan Project to develop thefirst Atomic Bomb. Thefirst test explosion of the Atomic Bomb occurred in the New Mexico desert in July 1945. Roosevelt died in April of 1945, and Vice President Truman became President. Truman met with the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and the Russian Dictator Joseph Stalin, in Potsdam, Germany, in July 1945. At the Potsdam conference, a conference between the Allied forces to discuss war options, Truman learned of the successful test explosion of the Atomic Bomb. Truman informed the other Allied leaders that the Atomic Bomb was complete and ready. The United States, Britain, and China then issued a statement threatening to destroy Japan unless it surrendered unconditionally. In spite of the warning, Japan kept fighting. Japan also did more than continue fighting. Japan, knowing that an Allied invasion was inevitable, began to train its civilians to defend the Japanese homelands. On August 6,1945, at 9:20 a.m., the American military dropped the atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima out of the Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Tibbetts. This was an extremely controversial event in the United States. Many U.S citizens did not know if the United States was justified in the dropping of the atomic bomb. Historians to this day still criticize the decision that the military made. The reason for this controversy is that it is difficult to predict what would have happened if the bomb were not dropped. In my opinion, the United States was justified in this action, and I have many reasons to support my belief.

Cultural Conflict between the UK workforce versus Japanese Workforce

Cultural Conflict between the UK workforce versus Japanese Workforce Free Online Research Papers Wilson Ltd, a UK-based engineering firm in producing motorcycles realised that its business strategy needed to be revamped as it had loss market shares predominantly to the Japanese because of their far superior technology. Hence, change-management was much needed at Wilson in order for the company to ensure its survival and stay relevant as well as competitive to the market. As a result, Wilson Ltd had adopted the strategic alliances approach where international joint venture (IJV) was established in 2004 with Japanese counterpart, Akita International –a specialist motorcycle engineering firm in Japan, inaugurating Akita Motor Cycle Company. The new business strategy in the UK was to capitalise on the European niche market by producing and marketing highly engineered, small numbers of prestige-status motorcycles to be sold at premium prices. Even though newly formed joint venture Akita Motor Cycle created a separate legal entity to the business, the management was dominated largely by the Anglo-Saxon minded business thinking. It was evidently clear from the case study that the top management visvis family-led oriented type business managed by Mr. Steven Wilson, Chairman of the Board and Managing Director of Wilson’s Ltd; followed by his son, Mr. Christopher as the Marketing Director and Vice President of IJV and Mr. Kyoto, Managing Director of Akita International – the only representative of Japanese firm. This eventually led to a greater control by Mr. Christopher as compared to their Japanese counterparts. As the company grew, management faced series of problems involving cultural differences between predominantly Japanese employees and also from the typical West Midlands workforce. The mono-cultural style practised by Mr. Sendai, a highly experienced and well respected Japanese team leader was resisted by the British work colleagues. On the other hand, the Japanese workforce were also demoralised by the style of management, particularly Mr. Christopher, in handling their concerns over work conflicts in the company. This is because the management had condoned British co-workers for leaving home after five o’clock p.m. sharp while Japanese employees were still working past the hour. On one occasion, Mr. Sendai’s portrait was put on a showroom slide show causing tremendous embarrassment and being regarded as a moral attack on Mr. Sendai’s character. One problem after another, lead to a high level of tension and frustration between aggrieved workers including Mr. Chr istopher, Mr. Sendai, Ms. Fiona. In the end, work situation had worsened and need to be rectified expeditiously to avoid further failure. Question 1: Drawing on ideas and frameworks from the course, how would you analyse and evaluate the problems in the Akita Motorcycle joint venture? In today’s business environment, organisations are likely to be operating at extremely complex and dynamic in nature due to globalisation facet. More and more businesses are largely conducted in foreign countries as opposed to the traditional ways of doing business. As a result, organisations may often faced with challenges in managing culturally diverse workforce or managing cultural differences per se. Akita Motorcycle Company, a joint venture between U.K motorcycle led firm and Japanese Engineering firm is not an exception either. Schneider and Barsoux (1997) clearly states that ‘in every cross-boarder alliance, there are seeds of potential cultural conflict and misunderstanding’ . Hence, cultural conflict and/or cultural misunderstanding need to be surfaced, diagnosed and effectively managed. In order to manage the ‘conflict’, it is eminent to understand what culture is and how does cultural difference usually have an impact on business performance. Culture by definition refers to ‘systems of meaning – values, beliefs, expectation, and goals – shared by a particular group of people distinguishing them from members of other groups’ (Gooderham and Nordhaug 2003 pg 131; Schneider and Barsoux 2003, cited in Martin G. 2006). Furthermore, undermining the cultural difference can have a detrimental outcome on business performance i.e. lower sales growth or sales volume, lower return on investment / profits (financial performance), high level of dissatisfaction index among workers and customers, impact on competitive advantage index, total failure of cross boarder alliance and etc. This is supported by a study instigated by Marcoulides and Heck (1993). ‘The authors proposed a model in which organizational culture was measured using several latent variables (organizational structure, organizational values, task organization, climate, and individual values and beliefs) and organizational performance were measured using capital, market and financial indicators. The results of this study showed that all of the latent variables used to measure organizational culture had some effect on performance with workers attitudes and task organization activities being the most significant variables ’ (Marcoulides and Heck 1993 cited in Ilie L. and Gavrea C.).Therefore, there is sufficient evidence to illustrate that culture has a correlation, either positive or negative, with organisational performance. In Akita Motorcycle Company, the two predominant cultures are generally of the Japanese and Anglo-Saxon (the typical West Midlands). In a more popular term, culture is defined by ‘how we do things around here’. Since the Japanese usually has its own way of doing things around here and so does the Anglo-Saxon, cultural difference, conflict and variations ought to exist. This is for the reason that both coming from very distinctive cultures bring with them different set of expectations, value assumptions, interaction scripts, leadership styles, verbal and nonverbal habits that influence the conflict process (Toomey). Sequentially, to recognise, understand, evaluate and diagnose the problems in Akita Motorcycle Company, it is rather vital to probe to the root of the problem itself why cultural variation and/or exist and how successfully the management deal with the issues. In an attempt to answer this question, theories and framework on culture need to be addressed. In the last four decades, extensive research effort had been carried out to systematically describing cultural differences. For instance, studies of cultural differences were conducted by Kluckhohn and Strodbeck (1961), Hall (1977), Hofstede (1980), Trompenaars (1993), Schwartz (1995) Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997). Among those, the most widely accepted theoretical framework is the Hofstede’s (1980) four-cultural dimensions model (Thomas, 2008) namely ‘power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity-feminity’ . Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory and framework with supported by other research scholars’ cultural dimension will be used widely to evaluate problems in Akita Motorcycle Company. Figure 1 as shown below is outlined from the country rankings (Japan versus U.K denotes by the Great Britain) according to Hofstede’s values. The excerpt however is taken from the table outline in Managing People and Organizations in Changing Contexts (Martin, 2006) . This table will compare the cultural dimensions between Japan and the U.K, helping to understand the existence of cultural differences conflict Akita Motorcycle Company is facing. Country comparison Cultural Dimension Power Distance Individualism Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity Japan 54 46 92 95 Great Britain 35 89 35 66 Figure 1: Cultural dimension between Japan and Great Britain according to Hofstede’s study. Power Distance by definition indicates the extent to which society accepts the unequal distribution of power in institution or organisation (Schneider and Barsoux, 1997) . In terms of power distance, Japan scores higher, 54, in the cultural dimension index as compared to Great Britain at 35. This illustrates that Japanese culture would tend to be more respectful and value hierarchical status and power of a leader. This is true in the Akita case study whereby the Japanese workers have had high level of respect and support of Mr. Sendai for his leadership, authority and experience. U.K workforces, however, are on the contrary note whereby they would tend to value equality more than other factors. Therefore, U.K workers would treat their Japanese co-workers equally including Mr. Sendai according to their cultural values and beliefs. This in turn creates cultural conflict among the Japanese workers and U.K workers because Mr. Sendai’s position as a leader is now being under valu ed. For instance, the UK workforces tend to question Mr. Sendai’s management style for having work past five o’clock p.m to meet production quotas. Individualism dimension is defined in contrast to collectivism and refers to the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups (Martin, 2006) . On the other hand, Thomas (2008) describes individualism-collectivism dimension as to the ‘extent to which one self-identity is defined according to individual characteristics or by the characteristics of the group to which individual belongs on a permanent basis, and the extent to which individual or group interests dominate.’ From the Hofstede’s cultural dimension, UK scores extremely high on individualism index with 89 meanwhile Japanese counterparts only score 46. Hence, UK has embedded individualistic culture while Japan is more of a collectivist in nature. In the Akita case study, this point is clearly demonstrated. The Japanese workers always praise for group work effort and group task achievement. Furthermore, they enjoyed long working hours, start their work routine with group morning exercise and ended the day with ceremonial work song. Meanwhile, UK workforces on the other hand are highly regarded as individualistic, high initiative on individual accomplishment or achievement and enjoy autonomy. In short, Japanese foster the concept of family and sense of togetherness while their counterpart prefers the right to private life. Cultural conflict in Akita highly to occur in the individualistic versus collectivist dimension because being in a manufacturing motorcycle industry, work are largely organised on group to meet production quota. At the production line, individual work could have been completed but the overall group production quota has not been met. The UK workers are ready to go home while the Japanese workers are still struggling to meet the quota. Uncertainty avoidance in Hofstede’s own words ‘the extent to which people in a society feel threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and the extent to which they try to avoid these situations by providing greater career stability, establishing more formal rules, rejecting deviant ideas and behavior, and accepting the possibility of absolute truths and the attainments of expertise’ (Hofstede, 1980) . Japan tend to exhibit a high level of uncertainty avoidance with a score of 92 as opposed to UK with low level of uncertainty avoidance at 35. In the business context, Japanese managers are always seeking support or approval from the top management when it comes to decision making as they are trying to avoid risk taking and be blamed for the mistakes. Meanwhile, the UK managers tend to be more risk taking when making decision making. This can be tied back to the Akita case study as Mr. Sendai brought up the Japanese workers’ grievances over production conflict to the attention of Mr. Wilson asking for his wisdom and clear guidance hoping that the matter could be resolved. Masculinity dimension reveals the ‘bias towards either ‘masculine’ values of assertiveness, competitiveness, and materialism or towards ‘feminine’ values of nurturing and the quality of life and relationship (Schneider and Barsoux, 1997) ’. From the masculinity dimension, Japan exhibits element of strong masculinity with a score of 95 and UK on the other hand is moderately masculine with a score of 66. In business context, country with higher masculinity index tends to have a task accomplishment management style as contrary to quality of life for instance. In the Akita case study, this notion is true as the Japanese are more concern over working long hours in order to accomplish their task. UK counterparts on the other hand, value their personal quality time over material elements. The other cultural model that is useful to evaluate Akita’s problem is the Trompenaar’s and Hampden-Turner Dimension study which was conducted in 1997 (Martin, 2006) . Both researchers draw their ideas from sociologist and anthhropologist point of view and construct on the work of Kluckhohn and Strodbeck (1961), Parsons and Shils (1951) cited in Thomas (2008) . There are seven cultural dimensions namely universalism versus particularism; communitariarism versus individualism; neutral versus emotional; diffuse versus specific; achievement versus ascription; time orientation and environment. It is also essential to note that communitariarism versus individualism and achievement versus ascription is similar to the Hostede’s cultural dimension study namely individualism dimension and power distance dimension respectively (Martin, 2006) . Universalism versus particularism: Universalism is a belief that what is good and can be discovered and universally applied to all context (Trompenaars and Turner, 1997) . In simplest term it means ‘there is one best way of doing things’. On the other hand, particularism stresses on the obligation of relationship. Mr. Christopher, the Vice President of Akita Motorcycle company, strongly demonstrated universalism principle. American education and American attitudes embedded from his stay in the USA highly influence his leadership style. Mr. Sendai on the other hand fosters close and family tie relationship with his subordinates. Neutral versus emotional: In neutral culture, emotional need to be hold back and need not to be expressed freely. Breach to this rule would be seen as intolerable (Martin, 2006). On the other hand, emotional culture emphasis on this notion emotions can be expressed freely and openly in business environment and that is right to do so. Mr. Christopher illustrates an emotional embedded culture as he punctuated his anger at Ms. Fiona’s over the showroom dispute issue. From Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension and Trompenaar’s and Hampden-Turner Dimension study, Akita Motorcycle company’s problems can be surfaced and identified as follows: ? cultural variation / conflict problems and; ? leadership / management problems. Therefore, these problems need to be mended and well managed to keep Akita’s survival, stay viable and continue to prosper. Question 2 How could the joint venture have been led and managed effectively? You should focus on the roles and leadership styles of the principal figures in this case study, including the British and Japanese managers and workers, especially the key people mentioned in the case. It is a widely belief principle, in order for any nation or organisation to progress, the right person need to lead. However, to get the right person for the job is rather difficult unless in an ideal state. Moreover, the term ‘right person’ for the ‘right job’ is still much in debate today. What could jeopardize a great nation or organisation to progress is to have the right people for the wrong job or the right job for a wrong people. Akita Motorcycle company is no exception. Mr. Christoper’s Wilson is the son of Mr. Steve Wilson, the Chairman of the Board and Managing Director of the British joint venture. Mr. Christopher then was appointed as the Director of Marketing and Vice President of the Akita Motorcycle Company either through ‘family-linked’ business oriented system or because of his qualification in the USA with some working experience in the States. Being educated abroad, he had learned the typical American ways of doing business and more ‘Americanized’ in nature – being straightforward in his attitudes, highly individualistic, stereotype and quite provincial in his attitudes towards the Japanese, his IJV counterpart. The question worth to ponder is whether he is the right man for the job? Mr. Christopher also demonstrated a ‘laissez-fair’ leadership style. In a loose term, laissez-fair can be defined as ‘to allow events to take their own course or to let people do what they choose’ . It is evidently clear that, Mr. Wilson delegated his work through respective divisional managers i.e. Production is managed by Mr. Sendai, Ms. Fiona on Language matters while Ms. Janice incharge of the showroom. By exercising laissez-fair leadership model, maximum freedom was given to the group while the leader desires minimum control and leadership. Moreover, this kind of leadership would only give help if requested. Mr. Christopher highly exhibits this trait. In the case study discussion always commenced when issues were raised and need further discussion i.e. frustration of Japanese worker towards their U.K counterpart on working hour issues and the showroom episode involving Mr. Sendai’s slide show. On the other hand, another key figure that is highly respected by the Japanese workers is Mr. Sendai. In general, by judging to his personal traits and characteristics, he tends to be ‘happy-go-lucky, highly qualified and experienced chief engineer, serene, Buddha-like disposition, steadfast traditional values, and sizeable physical strength. Japanese culture also regards Mr. Sendai as wise because of his age. Thirty-minute exercise routine led by Mr. Sendai normally commences before typical work-day starts, and ends the day with ceremonial work song. In general this demonstrates that he foster group-work, family oriented, father figure character. Hence, he tends to display paternalism leadership style. Thomas (2008) has described paternalistic leadership as a ‘hierarchical relationship between the leader and follower, like a parent, provides direction in both the professional and private lives of subordinates in exchange for loyalty and deference’ Being promoted to a Production Manager due to his experience, expertise and wisdom, Mr. Sendai had practiced mono-cultural Japanese management techniques in the Production factory which had largely created friction between the two cultures. The UK coworkers of which on the hourly wage scheme saw their job as per nine to five basis. Japanese workers on the other hand, tend to work beyond their normal working hours as it is embedded in their working culture. In addition, the Japanese workers are on a monthly salary basis. Being a paternalistic in nature, and coming from a highly collectivist and uncertainty avoidance culture, Mr. Sendai had escalated the problem to Mr. Christopher for guidance. The clash of leadership styles and cultural variation in nature between Mr. Sendai and Mr. Christopher left the problem unsolved, hence demoralised the Japanese workforce. Furthermore, it is likely that when two distinctive cultures meet, cultural diversity emerges. Therefore potential culture clash might occur. This is true in the Akita case study when the two predominant cultures meet – the West Midlanders culture versus Japanese culture. Schneider and Barsoux (1997) proposed that: ‘†¦not only behavior, values and beliefs are different across cultures, but also that their importance to those cultures should not be underestimated. What people in one culture value or perceive as sacred (seniority or tea) maybe considered irrelevant in another culture. The trouble is that, it is difficult to recognize just what matters (and how much) to another culture-especially when we find it so hard to recognize what is important in our own’ Ms. Fiona on the other hand was hired by the management in 2005 as the Chief Language Instructor when the communication between the two cultures became difficult. She plays her part as an interpreter’s role and acts analogically as a glue to bond between the two cultures. The management of Wilson Ltd., Mr. Christopher’s exorbitant leadership, cultural conflicts, human resource issues largely had its drawbacks. Shortcomings and recommendations to best reflect these drawbacks are as follows: ? When Wilson Ltd. and Akita International determined to embark on International Joint Venture (IJV) as a strategy to add competitive advantage and value-added to Wilson Ltd. per se, the management of Wilson Ltd. had not done extensive research about their counterparts well enough. For instance, a research background on the culture, people, organisation structure, human interaction, leadership style, work norms and etc. could have given valuable information and helpful insight about the future IJV. From analysis, Wilson Ltd. expeditiously opt for IJV because the company was panicked losing their market share predominantly to the Japanese due to superior engineering technology. Hence, on board IJV seems to be the best option or strategy at that point of time. Arguably however, managing IJV successfully is often complicated and challenging. Thus, many ultimately bound to fail. Schuler et al (2004) accounts failure rate of IJV is up to 70% . For instance, Wal-Mart, a giant retailer tha t has been successfully dominated the USA market, on the other hand, failed in its attempt to penetrate Germany’s market. The illustration of the case study on Wal-Mart and overseas expansion is well discussed in the Managing People and Organizations in Changing Contexts (Martin 2006) ? Management also had failed to see the bigger picture visvis helicopter view and only identify language is the key to solve cultural differences issue. Language by all means is merely a small piece of a jigsaw puzzle in a bigger context. An analogy for understanding cultural differences has been pictured as ‘peeling an onion’ . The first and obvious layer is the outer layer where languages, foods, buildings, monuments. This visible layer is known as artifacts. The second layer entails espoused values such as strategies, goals, philosophies and etc. Finally, the deepest root of culture denotes by the inner most layer is the basic underlying assumptions, whereby this layer is invincible and unconscious to human perception. Feelings, thoughts and perceptions fall under this category. Therefore, in order to understand cultural difference as a whole, the management need to examine and analyse all three layers and not only visible to the eyes. ? As IJV has been successful for Wilson Ltd. and Akita International, a new identity and separate legal entity was formed namely, Akita Motorcyle Company. This was merely a new beginning and more challenges await. As the company started to grew, British marketing, public relations and financial accounting staff along sales force made up both British and Japanese nationals were brought into the company. The integration of these workers into the company were difficult since human resources issues were poorly managed. In fact, Human Resource Division was not once mentioned in the Akita’s case study. By establishing Human Resource Division, employees particularly would not be ‘left in the dark’ as clear guidance and formal policies on all Human Resource (HR) matters would be in-placed and implemented. Schuler (2004) commented further on the Managing Human Resources in IJV by stating that: ‘For individuals as well as teams, the importance of learning, sharing and transferring knowledge has implications for the competencies (knowledge, skills, abilities, personality, and habits) to perform their organizational roles. Ineffective HR policies and practices may produce a workforce that is incompetent and unmotivated, poorly matched with job requirements, inadequate socialized ad uncommitted to the IJV itself, and/or unable to manage their dual loyalties to the IJV and its parents’ ? With the establishment of HR division within the Akita Motorcycle Company, gap on cultural barriers/cultural conflicts or variations can be lessened via cultural training programs, job rotation among UK and Japanese workers. Such practices can foster biculturals learning experience and enriching cultural understanding and exposure. Thomas (2008) clearly defined bicultural as an ability for workers to have dual pattern of identification towards culture, apart of their own culture, and at the same time have a tendency to ‘experience more cognitive complex cultural representations than do mono-culturals’ (Benet-Martinez, Lee et al 2006 cited in Thomas 2008) . Moreover, HR can also relook into Ms. Fiona’s roles, towards more culturally liason, so that it can be more an enriching experience for her rather solely being an interpreter. ? On the other hand, any grievances pertaining to employee relations issues such as working hour’s policy, reward system can be smoothly handled as grievances could possibly be channeled properly. Communication feedbacks on grievances must also be built to help ease the parties concerned. ? Mr. Christopher also highly need to change his views towards the Japanese, thus harnessing the understanding of different culture by way of recognizing, respecting, and continuously reconciling cultural differences. Recognizing and respecting phase occasionally tend lead towards identification of potential threats and opportunities that the culture can offer. ‘Reconciliation on cultural differences’ was the idea introduced by Trompenaars F. and Woolliams P (2006) whereby both researchers suggest that: ‘It helped to identify and define behaviors and actions that vary across the world and across companies but which all integrate differences to a higher level ~ much more significantly than compromise solutions. The approach informs managers how to guide the people side of reconciling any kind of values. It has a logic that integrates differences. It is a series of behaviors that enables effective interaction with those of contrasting value systems. It reveals a propensity to share understanding of other’s position in the expectation of reciprocity’ ? In addition, Mr. Christopher’s ‘silo minded thinking’ (denotes by I-type-thinking) also need to be changed, whereby universalism principle upheld by his values likely not to be practical anymore. Instead, Mr. Christopher needs to exhibit openness and develop a broader thinking style (T-type-thinking). Mr. Christopher also needs to embrace the cultural diversity that Akita Motorcycle Company enjoys. Rather than seeing culture as a problem, cultural diversity needs to be viewed as a source of competitive advantage. In short, in making a change management program in Akita Motorcycle company a success, the leaders need to reflect and be ready to experience first hand change within self via the notion ‘led by example’ or ‘walk the talk’ .i.e. changing mindsets and attitudes. On the other hand, Human Resource Division also needs to play its part in order to close gap on people’s problem. Question 3 Suggest a strategy for change to take the company forward. As pointed out earlier, businesses and organisations are becoming more diverse and complex as a result of globalisation. Hence, organisations being multicultural in nature, must deal with the impact of cultural difference, and possibly problems that could arise from it. Slightest variation in behaviour in a culture could create conflict thus could give impact on the workforce motivation and productivity . Lower productivity and motivation largely could have a direct impact on business performance. Therefore, a strategy for change needs to be implemented successfully to solve the root of the problem – cultural conflict. For instance, Akita Motorcycle Company is facing with such conflict. In order to move forward, an appropriate change strategy is needed to effectively attempt at the problem. Martin (2006) suggests two generic models that can be used to analyse and guide the strategic change management particularly deals with cultural change . The two change models are as follo ws: ? the Intervention Strategy Model (ISM) developed by Paton, R. and McCalman, J. (2006) and; ? the Strategic Change Process Model developed by Martin, G. and Beaumont, P. (2001) The ISM model is a system driven and also based on a socio-technical platform (Paton McCalman 2008) . Fundamental components of the system are the integration between the System Intervention Strategy (SIS), developed by the Open Business School (Mayon-White, 1986) and Total Project Management (TPM), a product of Glasgow Business School (Paton and Southern, 1990) . The ISM model was subdivided into three phase namely problem initialization or identification phase; evaluation and design phase; and the implementation phase. Martin (2006) further break-up the three phase models into smaller elements that associated at different stage . The segregation model of the ISM as follows: ? Stage 1: Problem definition a) clarifying the objectives of the change b) capturing data and performance indicators c) diagnosing the system’s properties ? Stage 2: The evaluation and design phase d) analysing the system e) determining options or solutions f) evaluating options or solutions ? Stage 3: The implementation phase g) implementing the chosen option or solution h) appraisal and monitoring During the problem definition stage, Akita Motorcycle Company must identify problems arising from the cultural conflict observed by both cultures. Then the problems with a brief background of the event could be stated for further discussion. Both cultures would then view the problems in their own perspectives and agree on the problems. The shared perception on the problems could give advantage to both culture and leads to work for a solution. The whole process to some extent is believed to be motivated by the work of Jourard S (1964), a concept on the Johari Window, working on the notion of ‘how I see things / I don’t see things’ versus ‘how they see things / they don’t see things’ (Jourard S 1964 cited in Schneider and Barsoux 1997) . Performance indicators are also need to be set up allowing the data on the problems to be collected for further analysis and evaluation. At the evaluation and design stage, the data collected earlier can then be analysed by the organizational change specialist and perhaps come up with a possible solutions to the problems . Cultivating bi-cultural learning, cultural training program, working towards one corporate cuture (united organisation) or even engaging in conflict resolution are some examples of possible solutions that Akita can consider. These possible solutions will then be evaluated to see whether they are viable and reliable. Some useful techniques recommended by Martin (2006) to evaluate the solutions are of the scenario writing / planning; forecasting and scenario planning. Best possible solution would then be implemented via suitable implementation strategies to achieve the goal of the organisation. These implementation strategies include pilot testing, parallel running and big bang (Paton and McCalman, 2008) . It is important to note however that not every change strategy is a success. In the Akita case for instance, the goal is to strive in resolving cultural difference and working towards achieving cultural integration. Appraisal and monitoring program also need to be built in for future review and reference. Research Papers on Cultural Conflict between the UK workforce versus Japanese WorkforceThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OnePETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Bionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Beneficiary Principle Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Beneficiary Principle - Case Study Example Therefore, it can be safely deduced that Grant's final intention was to give the "Gatesgarth" house to Polly. The latter's failure to register the title transfer in her favor with the Land Registry is of no moment. This is so despite the provision in Section 23 of the Probate Law subsequent conveyance or any other act done after the execution of the will shall not prevent the operation of the will. b.) No, Joe is not entitled to the shares in Smallco Ltd. It is required by law that in case of transfer of stocks or shares in a company, the same must be done by executing a stock transfer form and deliver it to the company together with the stock or share certificate for the specific purpose of transferring the name in the stock certificate and in the stock and transfer book of the company. It is only upon registration of such transfer that the transfer binds third parties. The act of Grant handing his share certificate for 1000 shares in Smallco Ltd. ... RSCPA is entitled to the shares in Smallco Ltd. This is in accordance with Grant's valid will, giving the rest of his estate to RSPCA, which is a registered charity. Since the state does not recognize the principle of "legitime" or "forced heirship", it is the will of the decedent that should be followed in the distribution of estate. By virtue of this provision in Grant's will which gives effect to the principle of residuary devises, all monies and properties of Grant that did not pass to some particular beneficiaries shall be given to RSPCA. c.) Grant's telephone conversation with Tom during his lifetime regarding the trust has no legal effect whatsoever. A mere telephone conversation will not suffice as to validly effect a transfer of benefits under a trust agreement. To effect such transfer of shares to Polly, Grant must have executed a formal deed of conveyance during his lifetime, prior to the transfer of shares to Polly so as to validate the same. Tom's act of transferring the shares to Polly without a formal act on the part of Grant has no legal effect whatsoever as it is not supported by a legal document to prove the intent of Grant to let go of his shares in favor of Polly. Since transfer of stocks requires compliance with certain formalities as execution of a deed of transfer or any act of formal conveyance and presentation thereof together with the stock certificate to the company for purposes of transferring the registration in the stock and transfer book, and issuing a new stock certificate in the name of another person, the transfer made by Tom is therefore unlawful and is considered null and void. Henceforth, title to the shares of stock must revert back to Grant's estate and be distributed according to his

Evidence Based Practice in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evidence Based Practice in Social Work - Essay Example While other children have parents that they can live with and are willing to pay for their college tuition, youth in care have no one. Renting an apartment with no parent to co-sign a lease, finding money for a security deposit, and getting to work or school without money for transportation, and being able to feed themselves in the absence of a job, are several of the obstacles care leavers confront. As a result, many care leavers confront negative outcomes, primarily homelessness (Barth, 1996). In his study on the demographics of homelessness, Barn (2001) indicated that youth homeless was not an ethnic minority problem but a predominantly economic one. Wright's (2002) findings are consistent with Barn's (2002) conclusions. Commander (2002) and Mendes and Moslehuddin (2006) concur, emphasising that the demographics suggest that youth homelessness cuts across ethnic groupings but not economic ones. Nevertheless, they contend that the demographics reveal a more important commonality between the homeless youth. Specifically stated, the greater majority of the homeless across the United Kingdom are care leavers. Indeed, both studies independently maintain that incidents of hopelessness amongst domiciled youth are rare. 2.2 Homelessness: The Risk Factors In a cross-cultural study, Kurtz, Jarvis, and Kurtz (1991) identified five causes of homelessness. First, youth who are already members of homeless families are often separated from them because many shelters do not serve older youth. Youth from homeless families may be placed in foster care or emergency shelter system and consequently experience disintegration of ties with their families. Some studies, according to Pain and Francis (2004) suggested that as much as one-third of Britain's total homeless and in-care youth population came from homeless families, or ones which had simply disintegrated due to divorce or the death of the bread winner. Smith (2005), however, puts the figure at closer to 40%, adding that mental instability/problems in one of the parents as a leading predicator of homelessness and familial disintegration. A second reason for youth homeless is physical and sexual abuse (Pain and Francis, 2005). Kurtz et al. (1991) and Pain and Francis (2005) suggested the third reason is because youth are thrown or pushed out of their homes by parents or guardians. A fourth group of homeless are those that are removed from homes at an early age because of family abuse, neglect, or unwillingness or inability to care for them. They are taken into state custody and become foster youth. The fifth group of homeless youth are members of minority groups who have immigrated to Great Britain, whether legally or as illegal asylum seekers, and are attempting to make themselves inconspicuous.

Managerial cost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managerial cost - Essay Example Under Average cost method, an average cost is calculated for all units, and this average cost is assigned to all the units remaining in ending inventory and cost of sales for units sold. 'To determine average cost, divide the total number of units available for sale into the total purchase cost for the period of time under examination.'(James o Gill, Moria Chatton, page 46)2 For a company using periodic inventory system, the method is referred to weighted average; and where a perpetual inventory system is in use, this method is called moving average method. As costs are averaged out before applying to ending inventory, the material costs under inflation is not very near to market prices but a lower than that because of the effect of earlier purchases in averaging out. LIFO means last in first out and under this method the prices at which merchandise was most recently purchased are used to determine the amounts charged to cost of goods sold. LIFO assumes that 'goods are all the same and interchangeable.'(Peter J Eisen, page 322)3 Ending inventory is valued using the prices associated with the units acquired the earliest. As a result, cost of goods sold computed under LIFO most closely approximate current cost. During inflation LIFO will result in lowest value for ending inventory and highest amount of goods sold and the lowest amount gross profits and net income. The person requesting the goods p

Causes of Hypothyroidism

Causes of Hypothyroidism INTRODUCTION Hypothyroidism is the most common prevailing endocrine disorder among all endocrine maladies. It is an altered metabolic state, when the body produces insufficient amount of thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism is not only a disorder of endocrine system, it also affects almost all the organ system of our body. It shows a wide range of disease severity from asymptomatic state to coma and made it an elusive clinical entity9 . Thyroid hormone in addition to governing the rate of metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins, it also regulates the timing and pace of the CNS development. It is extremely important for the growth of cerebral , cerebellar cortex, axonal proliferation, branching of dendrites, synaptogenesis, and myelination . Thyroid hormone enhances the wakefulness, response to various stimuli like auditory sensation, learning and memory capacity1. By enhancing the gene expression it influences the synthesis of myelin. Myelin synthesis is an important factor determining the speed of impulse transmission along the complex neural pathway which mediates the evoked potential3 . Sometimes hypothyroidism is referred to as â€Å"Silent Disease† because the early stage of disease it is asymptomatic. About 1.6 billion people are at risk of getting thyroid disorders worldwide4. According to NHANES III approximately 4 – 5% of population in the developed world is suffering from hypothyroidism and about 4 – 15% of people by subclinical hypothyroidism5 . In a developing country like India, iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. In India, hypothyroidism is classified under the group of Iodine Deficient Disorder (IDD) 6. Since 1983 India has been following the Universal Salt Iodization Programme. As a result of it, there has been a decline in the prevalence of IDD 7. In 2004, WHO assessment of global iodine status documented that India has optimal iodine nutrition and now India is undergoing transition from iodine deficiency to sufficiency phase8 . But a nationwide comprehensive epidemiological study done in the eight cities of India found that the prevalence of hypothyroidism was 10.95%. One third of them (3.47%) are not even aware of their disease. Subclinical Hypothyroidism was observed in 8.02% of people. Females are more prone to have hypothyroidism than males (15.86% to 5.02%). Unnikrishnan AG et al has also observed high prevalence of hypothyroidism among the Indian adult population6 . The well-known symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism are dry skin, weight gain, cold intolerance, muscle cramps, hoarseness of voice and constipation10 . As thyroid hormone is essential for the nervous system maturation , central and peripheral nervous system dysfunctions are also important consequences of hypothyroidism. About 60 – 90% of the patients may have features of peripheral nervous system dysfunction like weakness, paraesthesia and postural imbalance . The CNS manifestations of hypothyroidism seen in 60 to 80% of patients which include delayed mentation, sensory deficits, depression11 . It also produces delay in the neuronal conduction velocity, alterations in hearing threshold and sensation of smell . All these neurological complications of hypothyroidism will resolve completely with thyroid hormone replacement especially when diagnosed at the early stage12. The peripheral nervous system dysfunction has been studied in hypothyroid patients by a variety of techniques. But the studies in favor of quantification of CNS dysfunction were very sparse. The CNS involvement in hypothyroid patients can be identified with the help of existing advanced electrophysiological studies. Among the electrophysiological studies evoked potentials provide a more reliable and objective measure of the functional integrity of the related sensory pathway13 . Among the various evoked potentials tests, Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA) has been emerged as an effective method of revealing the involvement of auditory pathway even in asymptomatic stage itself11 . Brainstem Evoked Auditory Response are produced in response to brief auditory stimulation14,15 . In this technique following a brief acoustic stimulus, a series of potentials are generated which corresponds to the sequential activation of peripheral, pontomedullary, pontine and midbrain portion of auditory pathway. So BERA helps to evaluate the integrity of the auditory pathway13 . Persons who are having abnormal brainstem response to auditory stimuli more prone to develop Sensorineural Hearing loss16 . In 1948 Means states that Hearing loss is one of the troublesome symptom of hypothyroidism and it may be conductive, sensorineural or mixed hearing loss. About 25 to 30% of the hypothyroid patients having loss, but the exact incidence not yet known. So many researchers did study to find the type of hearing loss in hypothyroid patients. Howarth and Lloyd proposed that perceptive deafness is the type of hearing loss in hypothyroidism. (9) Rau et al, Bhatia et al, Von’t Hoff and Stuart , Parving et al and Isam et al were also accepted that sensorineural hearing loss was the predominant type of hearing loss in hypothyroidism people. Malik et al said that the site of lesion in auditory pathway remains speculative , may be at several levels viz in the middle ear, at cochlea and retrocochlear sites 17. The integrity of the auditory pathway is essential for the capture of the acoustic signal by the external ear to the coding of signals in the auditory cortex13 . Hearing loss is an invisible abnormality which will lead to so many devastating consequences in interpersonal communication, psychosocial wellbeing, quality of life and economic independence. Hearing loss in infants and children due to congenital hypothyroidism results in serious impairment in language, communication skills, cognitive and emotional development. In adults hearing loss will lead to loneliness, social isolation, psychiatric disturbances, depression, occupational stress and relatively low earnings18. There are literatures pointing out that early treatment of hypothyroidism will reverse the hearing loss 19-22. Electrophysiological testing for finding the functional integrity of auditory pathway is rarely performed in hypothyroid patients in neurology and otolaryngology practice. Now a days BAER is mainly used for screening the preterm infants and also prior to cochlear implantation. But it was proved that the delay in the auditory processing time may provide the information about the subclinical involvement of central as well as peripheral neuropathy in hypothyroid individuals 8. So they can be used to assess both normal and abnormal auditory function in the field of research. So that BERA can be used as a screening test to find the CNS involvement and the hearing loss in hypothyroid patients even in the earlier stage itself. In this study an endeavor has been made to find the changes in the brainstem auditory evoked responses in newly diagnosed hypothyroid individuals.

Fashion Trends in the Fifties Essay -- Fashion Retail Merchandising Es

Fashion Trends in the Fifties â€Å"It was different in the USA, where wartime restrictions had been quickly removed, and where the new ‘consumer society’ was forging ahead – helped by new developments such as the start of the credit card system in 1950. But these differing conditions produced a similar effect on fashion both in Europe and America – a tendency to prefer the safe and normal, a veering away from the radical and extreme. ‘Normal’ felt good, especially with the memory of the war still so fresh in many people’s minds† (Baker 6). Fashion is an important aspect to people’s lives, and is influenced by various parts of society. Sometimes there are practical reasons behind certain fashion trends, but there are some trends that have no apparent origin or purpose. Fashion can also influence other parts of popular or high culture, including music. â€Å"Rock n’ roll,† the music of the 1950’s, displayed young people’ s (17-25 year-olds) interest in clothes, as heard in such pop tracks as â€Å"White Sports Coat† and â€Å"Blue Suede Shoes† (Baker 12). Regardless of purpose or origin, â€Å"style [in the 1950’s] often meant super luxury, whether it was the use of lots of shiny chrome or lace, shimmering with sequins† (Baker 11). During the 1950’s, style was not only a portrayal of one’s sense of fashion – it was a portrayal of who you were. In the 1950’s, the role of a woman was to be in the home, and particularly in the kitchen. â€Å"Yet the usual media image of a housewife showed her not as a mother in comfortable trousers and sweater, or loose dress, suitable for such work, but as a doll-like figure dressed in rustling, full skirts, nipped waist and narrow-fitting bodice. Even her apron had deep frills and a heart-shaped top and pocke... ...er vests and chinos as leisurewear, then people were that much closer to being â€Å"normal.† Works Cited - Baker, Patricia. Fashions of a Decade: the 1950s. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1991. An edition of a series that illustrates the most influential trends in twentieth- century fashion. Focuses on fashion as an integral part in the arts, technology, politics, and society. - Stott, Jon C., Raymond E. Jones, and Rick Bowers, eds. The Harbrace Anthology of Literature 2nd ed. Toronto: Harcourt Canada Ltd., 1998. An anthology of various literature, ranging from poetry, to prose, to plays. - Unknown Author. â€Å"Fashion 50s.† Yesterdayland Web Site. 2000. http://www.yeaterdayland.com/popopedia/shows/fashion/ (17 Mar. 2002). A web-site showcasing fashion trends throughout the decades of the twentieth-century.

Advantages disadvantages and impacts of Globalization

IntroductionGlobalization is a procedure in which limited societies, economic systems, and civilizations have connected through a planetary system of trade. The term is sometimes used to mention peculiarly to economic globalisation: the incorporation of national economic systems into the international economic system through trade, foreign direct investing, capital flows, and addition of engineering. Globalization is by and large known as determined by a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, and political factors this term can besides mention to the world-wide distribution of thoughts, linguistic communications, or voguish civilization. Competition increases between states. ( Alassane D. Ouattara, 1997 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/1997/052197.htm Globalization is the consequence of a figure of interrelated developments including: The growing and comparative deduction of foreign direct investing. The internationalisation of economic markets. The quickly and go oning development of communicating and conveyance engineering Liberalization and Deregulation A Public sector services converted into denationalization ( www.tssa.org.uk )hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tssa.org.uk/article-38.php3? id_article=2190Economic globalisation is characterized by increasing in trade and investing, liberalisation, denationalization of public services and deregulating of many authorities establishments. Economic globalisation is besides linked with increasing inequality in wealth and influence between states and within states every bit good as between public and private sectors. Economic globalisation has been taking topographic point for the last several old ages it has begun to go on at an increased rate over the last 20-30 old ages. This recent roar has been mostly accounted by developed economic systems linked with less developed economic systems, by resources of foreign direct investing, the decrease of trade obstructions, and the modernisation of these developing civilizations. Environmental globalisation recognizes that an environmental incident or impact that happens in one state is non restricted to that country but has the possible to impact the full universe ‘s well being. Therefore, communicative globalisation refers to the rapid growing of communicating engineerings such as cyberspace, telephone, orbiter and so on, Ability to associate people, information and thoughts around the universe which impact on civilization, both positively and negatively. ( www.scribd.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/20581903/Globalization-and-pakistani-economy Denationalization is a demand for globalisation and goes side by side with it. Nowadays the phrase of globalisation has gained importance in all over of the universe. Globalization may hold positive or negative impact on developing states. However, the developing states can last by change in the development of globalisation by public policy readjustment for denationalization, deregulating and liberalisation. The moving ridge of fiscal globalisation as the mid-1980s has been marked by addition in capital flows among industrial states, peculiarly between industrial and developing states. Where these capital flows have been linked with the high growing rates in some underdeveloped states. A figure of states have experienced interrupted prostration in growing rates and major fiscal crises over the same period, that catastrophe have exacted a serious toll in footings of macroeconomic and societal costs. Trade could impact these inequalities merely through its consequence on economic growing in single states. A cardinal issue, so concerns the possible consequence of trade on economic growing. ( khair Uz Zaman, ; , qaiser Aman ; , 2007 )Key Institutions of GlobalizationThe economic globalisation lies with certain influential fiscal establishments that are wholly in the custodies of western states. They include: International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) World Bank ( WB ) World Trade Organization ( WTO ) These establishments are besides known as the Bretton Woods establishments and chiefly influence on the economic and political policy preparation in developing states. ( Rahman MD Faizur, 2005 ) History Globalization: The start of globalisation goes back to the 2nd half of the nineteenth century. When nationality as the footing for province formation was already widespread. The World Bank classifies the development of globalisation since so as follows: The 1st moving ridge of globalisation: 1870 -1914 The retreat into patriotism: 1914 -1945 The 2nd moving ridge of globalisation: 1945 – 1980 The new and 3rd moving ridge of globalisation: 1980 The first moving ridge of globalisation was started in 1870 and changeless until the beginning of the First World War in 1914. This period of globalisation made easy for the bringing of imported goods every bit good as the exported goods. The development of telegraph helped to get down contact over long distance. The period of 1914 to 1945 was tagged a retreat of independency and extensively improved in the proficient status of the conveyance and communicating. The great depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s direct to protectionism, which to boot restricted the international division of labours. The 2nd moving ridge of globalisation ( 1945-1980 ) followed the loyal period. As a response to the war, there was much attempt to heighten international clasp. This was reflected in the constitution of the United Nations in 1945 and the Bretton forests establishments in 1946. In 1980, trade of industries was to big extent freed of barriers. In the instance of agricultural merchandises, trade was restricted between developing states ; imports of merchandises of developing states were liberalized if they did non vie with those of the developed states. The 3rd moving ridge of globalisation started around 1980 and this stage continues today. Harmonizing to the World Bank, this period has four features that separate it from the old period. Large Numberss of developing states bankrupt into the planetary markets Developing states became progressively marginalized and suffered from worsening incomes and progressively poverty Worldwide capital motions and in-migration became significant. Increasing devastation of production. ( Kotilainen, Markku ; Kaitila, Ville ; , 2002 ) Globalization, as World War II, is fundamentally the consequence of planning by politicians to interrupt down the boundary lines obstructions in trade to increase the prosperity and mutuality, as a consequence to cut down the opportunities of future war between the states. Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been significantly decreased through international understandings GATT. Particularly inaugural carried out as a consequence of GATT and WTO, for which GATT is the foundation, has included: Promotion of free trade: Eliminating of duties ; creative activity of free trade sector with little or no duties. Reduced transit cost, particularly ensuing from development of containerization for ocean transportation. Decrease, riddance or coordination of fiscal support for local concerns Creation of fiscal support for world-wide corporations. Coordination of rational poorness Torahs across the bulk of provinces, with more limitations. Super national designation of rational poorness restrictions. ( www.scribd.com )hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/20581903/Globalization-and-pakistani-economyThe phrase Globalization has been used loosely by media and educational in recent old ages. This describes the procedure of generate webs of connexions through a choice of flows of information, people, capital goods and engineering. In economic sciences, globalisation connect in assorted stage of cross-border traffics, free international capital flows, foreign direct investing, portfolio investing, and rapid and widespread distribution of engineering. Globalization enhances the economic prosperity and leads to more efficient allotment of resources, which, in bend will ensue in higher end product, more employment, lower monetary values and higher criterion of life. However, some critics worry about the ensuing outsourcing and off shore, which have destroyed the American fabrication sector. ( www.scribd.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/20581903/Globalization-and-pakistani-economyAdvantages of GlobalizationGoods and people are transferred with more relaxation from one state to another. Due to globalization war between developed states has reduced. Free trading increases the mutuality of the nation-state. Peoples connected in the universe due to planetary mass media. Communication between persons and corporations in the universe increases. Environmental security in developed states additions. Encouragement of more researches and development of new machines and equipment for domestic usage. Peoples connected in the Earth due to worldwide mass media. Strong competition therefore encourages higher quality merchandises Global mass media connects all the people in the universe Increase in economic growing of the state. Decrease of cultural barriers increases the planetary small town consequence ( www.buzzle.com ) www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-globalization.htmlDISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATIONIncreased in flow of skilled and non-skilled occupations from developed to developing states as corporations try to happen out the cheapest labour Corporate influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organisations and mean persons Increased opportunity of economic breaks in one state impacting all states. Menace that control of universe media by a smattering of corporations will restrict cultural visual aspect. Greater opportunity of reactions for globalisation being aggressive in an effort to support cultural traditions. Greater hazard of diseases being transported accidentally between states Spread of a mercenary life style and attitude that sees ingestion as the way to prosperity International organic structures like the World Trade Organization violate the national and single independency. Addition in the opportunities of cosmopolitan war within developing states and unfastened war between developing states as they struggle for resources Decreases in environmental dependability as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulative regulations in developing states. ( www.darkseptemberrain.com ) Impacts of Globalization Harmonizing to economic experts, there are a batch of planetary events connected with globalisation and incorporation. It is easy to sort the alterations brought by the globalisation. Improvement of International Trade. Globalization increases the international trade between many states and makes the sale or purchase easy. Technological Progress. Governments have upgraded their degree of engineering to vie and be competitory globally. Increasing Influence of Multinational Companies. An of import tendency in the globalisation is the increasing influence and broadening range of the transnational companies. A company that has subordinates in assorted states is called a multinational. Power of the WTO, IMF, and WB. Another consequence of globalisation is the beef uping power and influence of international establishments such as the World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank. Greater Mobility of Human Resources across Countries. A Globalization allows states to supply their work force in states with inexpensive labour. For case, the work force deficits in Taiwan, South Korea, and Malaysia provide chances for labour exporting states such as the Philippines to convey their human resources to those states for employment. Greater Outsourcing of Business Processes to Other Countries. Different states are enormously profiting from this tendency of planetary concern outsourcing. Global companies in the US take advantage of the cheaper labour and extremely skilled workers that states can propose. Civil Society.A Broadening range of the planetary civil society is an of import tendency in globalisation. Many establishments are established in the state and run by citizens which civil society frequently refers to NGOs. Global civil society refers to NGOs that advocate certain issue or cause. There are many NGOs that promote good environment to adult females ‘s and back up their rights. Government and NGOs have the same end of functioning the people but these NGOs are working to set up constabularies that are good to all. ( www.hubpages.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //hubpages.com/hub/Definition-of-GlobalizationEffectss of globalisationMore goods and services are available Expansion of new markets Income coevals and increased in economic growing Development in the volume and scope of cross boundary line minutess in goods and services. Addition in the usage of new engineering in small-scale fabrication to increase the degree of production. The planetary common market has a freedom to merchandise of goods and capital The outgrowth of a new market where the merchandises were market at an international degree for all type of consumers. Widely entree to a big assortment of goods for consumers and companies. Free motion of people of different state ‘s leads to community benefits. Global environmental and other trade jobs are solved by treatments. development of containerization of ocean transportation cut down the transit cost Decrease in trade barrier Additions in international travel and touristry Addition in the aspiration to utilize abroad thoughts and merchandises, accept new patterns and engineerings and go a portion of universe civilization. Subsidies for local concerns lessening Local consumer merchandises are exported to other states Capital controls cut down or suppress Enhancement in world-wide modern traditions/cultures. ( www.buzzle.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-globalization.htmlDevelopment COUNTRYDeveloping states are those which have a lower per capita income, unemployment, deficiency of goods and services. Peoples have a lower criterion of life, high infant mortality rate.Features of Developing Economy:The common features of developing states: Lower life criterions Insufficient lodging Low instruction criterion Increase in decease rate Limited life and work anticipation High and lifting degrees of unemployment and under employment. Lack of engineering Low criterion of instruction ( www.shvoong.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.shvoong.com/social-sciences/1758902-characteristics-developing-countries/Advantages of globalisation in the underdeveloped universe:Globalization increases the economic prosperity and chance in the underdeveloped universe. The countrywide freedom is enhanced and increases the resources of the developing states and there is a more efficient usage of resources. All the states involved in the free trade are at a net income. As a consequence, there are lower monetary values, more employment and a better criterion of life in these developing states. It is feared that some developing countries advancement at the costs of other developed countries. However, such concerns are unsuccessful as globalisation is a positive-sum opportunity in which the accomplishments and engineerings enable to increase the life criterions throughout the universe. Liberals look at globalisation as an efficient tool to extinguish poorness and let the hapless people to keep a stro ng clasp in the planetary economic system.The Impact of Globalization on the Pakistan EconomyGlobalization is non new. Pakistan has been involved in trade, investing, fiscal flows, engineering transportations and the motion of labour since its foundation. There are a figure of factors that have aided this transmutation.The enlargement of new markets:Foreign exchange and capital markets are linked internationally. They control 24 hours a twenty-four hours with contact any where in the universe possible in all clip. Fiscal deregulating increases the impact of globalisation on the economic system.New engineering and the tools of globalisation:The cyberspace, electronic mail, nomadic phones, media and communicating webs have all sped up the procedure of globalisation. They have increased the broaden of communicating and and velocity cognition transportation.New institutional participants:The World Trade Organization ( WTO ) has emergent right over national authoritiess, as does the IMF with its limitations and controls it can coerce on states necessitating support. Multinational corporations have more economic power than many other states. Include financess and fiscal traders are able to command fiscal flows and accordingly exchange rates, go forthing states helpless in their aftermath.New regulations and limitations:Common understandings on trade, services and rational belongings rights, supported by strong enforcement instrument, diminish the possibility for national authoritiess to widen their ain economic policies.Pakistan EconomyPakistan is a South Asiatic state that was established in 1947. A Pakistan is a underdeveloped state ; its entire population is about 180 million. Its adjacent parts include India, Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and China. Its GDP is $ 164 billion and lending in agribusiness, industry and services severally 19.6 % , 26.82 % and 53.7 % . Per capita income and HDI is about $ 1022 and 0.52. Population of Pakistan is in the 6th figure and has biggest and strongest ground forces in the universe. Pakistan economic system is based on agribusiness sector. In last two decennaries Pakistan service industry has grown up quickly. More than 50 % population of Pakistan is linked with the rural sector. So that ‘s why largely country is neglected and misused. Entire acquired country of Pakistan is 803,940 km2, but largely country is neglected and developing. External debts are around $ 50.1 billion. Pakistan has an outstanding potency for growing and its current growing rate is 2 % . Pakistan has marvels hoarded wealths of natural resources, fruitful lands, some of largest natural resources mines, highest mountain scopes, 1050 stat mi coastline, huge comeuppances and the best productive lands. Pakistan is one of the most blest states on the Earth. But Pakistan political and economic conditions are non good. ( www.ezinearticles.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.com/ ? Pakistans-Economy & A ; id=3489752Pakistan economic developmentlast few old ages at that place has been a con rate of Pakistan economic development that has marked itself in its singular gross domestic merchandise statistics. In fiscal twelvemonth 2007 there was an addition of 52 per centum in sum fixed in Pakistani budget for the development of national economic system. This has been an of import measure in development of Pakistan economic system is concerned as this move has required to turn to underdevelopment of national economic system that has broaden at all degrees particularly in societal sector. Economic development of Pakistan has ever been among its major assets every bit far as attain designation from planetary fiscal circles is concerned. In decennary of 60s Pakistan ‘s economic system had progressed at a consecutive rate and it was position as being first-class. Economic policies adopted by national authorities h ave helped economic development in Pakistan to a important extent. In 1990s 2 % of gross domestic merchandise of Pakistan had been assigned for economic advancement and its two-base hit in 2003. In 1999 PKR 80 billion had been set away for economic development of Pakistan and by 2007 this sum had gone up to PKR 520 billion. In financial twelvemonth 2008 this sum was PKR 549.7 billion. Poverty in rural countries has been an of import country of Pakistani economic sciences. From 2005 to 2008 $ 16.7 trillion has been spent in order to cover with different issues related to poorness. This money has played a really of import function in overall economic development in Pakistan. Poverty has been reduced to 24 % by 2006 from 35 % at 2000-01. As per Human Development Index of 2007 Pakistan has been accorded position of a â€Å" Medium Development Country † . Infrastructural development is an of import country of Pakistan economic development. However, it has non been paid much attending by Pakistan national authorities. More old ages a figure of international fiscal organisations have played a most of import function in development of Pakistan ‘s economic system such as International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank and World Bank. From 2006 to 2009 Asian Development Bank would be supplying about $ 6 billion for Pakistan economic development. World Bank is supposed to supply a loan for infrastructural development worth $ 6.5 billion in the same period. Pakistan would besides roll up a annual fiscal aid from Japan worth $ 500 million. ( www.economywatch.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economywatch.com/world_economy/pakistan/Variables:GDP is the amount of market value of all concluding goods and services produced in a state within a given twelvemonth, tantamount to entire consumer, investing and authorities disbursement, plus the value of export, minus the value of imports. GDP includes merely goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of the U.S, in malice of the manufacturer ‘s nationality. ( investorwords.com ) FDI Direct investings in productive assets by a company incorporated in a foreign state, as opposed to investings in portions of local companies by foreign entities. An of import characteristic of an progressively globalized economic system. ( www.investorwords.com )BotA state ‘s exports minus its imports ; it is the largest constituent of a state ‘s balance of payments. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investorwords.com/396/balance_of_trade.html

Carl Linnasus Life and Achievements. Essays

Carl Linnasus Life and Achievements. Essays Carl Linnasus Life and Achievements. Essay Carl Linnasus Life and Achievements. Essay Carl Linneaus is the best-known Swedish scientist across the globe. He has left his mark in many ways places baring his name and even parts of the moon have been named after him he is even depicted on Swedish banknotes. The reason for his fame and his stamp on scientific history known as the Linnaean era is for his ambition to catalogue, organise and name the whole natural world. He is most recognized as a botanist but was also a physician and a zoologist who laid the foundations for the current scheme of nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy and is thought as one of the fathers of modern ecology. Although best known as a botanist his scientific achievements expand into the mineral world and zoology. Always being curios about the complete natural world since a young age he wanted to know the whole map of nature. This mapping is the name convention known as the â€Å"binary nomenclature† that he himself introduced. Linnaeus published rule-books on the criteria of the system and after initially some resistance it has become not to just control natural history but influences other fields of science. Linnaeus based his science on a firm terminology, which formulates the concept of species and sets the broad dimensions of natural history. For example humans in this system are known as Homo Sapiens and are the primates class of mammals and Mammalia are all concepts from Linnaeus. In the early eighteenth century scientific name for species were already in Latin but most were often long and awkward. Linnaeus’ idea was to divide nature into separate groups based on sharing physical characteristics. Firstly there were the three kingdoms of plants, animals and minerals. Kingdoms were then divided into classes and then orders which were then split into genera, then species. Since then a few other ranks have been added, most notably phyla or divisions between kingdoms and classes. Groups of organisms at any rank are now called taxa or taxonomic groups. Linnaus gave all the plants that were known at that time a simpler Latin name which was in two parts; known as binomial The first part being the genus then the species. He gave binomials names to animals five years later and between 1753 and his death he named thousands of plants and animals this way. The binomial system was then adopted by other scientists and became the standard way of naming organisms. Linnaeus was also a pioneer in definting the concept of â€Å"race†. He proposed that inside of Homo sapiens were four subcategories. These categories were, Americanus, Asiaticus, Africanus, and Europeanus and were based on originally place of orgin and then later on skin colour. Linnaesus’ influence upon science is huge. His system of classification allowed for clear and easy description of plants, animals, minerals and forms for the basis for modern classificiation. His species Plantarum and systema naturae provide the starting point for the nomenclature of plants and animals respectively. Linnaeus identified ecology as a distinctive area of investigation emphasising on the interrelationships in nature as the â€Å"economy of nature† he was also one of the first naturalists to describe food chains. Throughout Linnaeus’ life he was driven by a lust for a nature and a passion and desire to understand how it worked. Today his legacy still remains and is used by many dedicated scientists driven by the same thing.