Essay about Was Shakespeare Really in Love - 1825 Words

Was Shakespeare Really in Love? William Shakespeare is arguably one of the best playwrights of all time, and he is certainly one of the most well-known writers in the history of literature. Shakespeare is a classic example of how art and literature can touch so many people’s lives and hearts. His work has been enjoyed by millions of people for four hundred years, and today, his plays are still being performed daily all over the world. He wrote a total of thirty-seven plays and 154 sonnets in his lifetime. Plays like Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth are recognized by most people, and they, coupled with his beautiful sonnets, are clear evidence that Shakespeare was a romantic man. Over four hundred years ago, Shakespeare was†¦show more content†¦When Shakespeare was only 18, he married his wife Anne Hathaway, who was two or three months pregnant at the time, and eight years older than Shakespeare. As was the custom, Shakespeare and Anne then moved into Shakespeare’s father’s home and lived in Stratford together. Many scholars have tried to deduce what kind of marriage and love Shakespeare and his wife shared based on his writings and what little we know about his life. There is no doubt that Shakespeare was a loving and romantic man, butwas he really in love? Of course, it’s easy to say he was certainly in love, but was he in love with his wife? I believe Shakespeare was very in love with his wife Anne, and shared a happy marriage with her. Most scholars agree that Shakespeare married Anne when he did because she was carrying his child. In Elizabethan England, it was extremely disgraceful for a woman to have a child unless she was married, so Shakespeare did the right thing and married her immediately. Anne’s pregnancy explains Shakespeare’s haste in getting married, however, it does not explain all his reasons for getting married. Shakespeare married Anne because he loved her deeply. He married her at such a young age, because she was pregnant. But she was pregnant because Shakespeare and Anne shared a strong, deep love for each other. Of course, there is no question that Shakespeare married Anne when he did because it was the right thing to do, and he did notShow MoreRelatedIs It Real Or Is?1300 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is love? Is love a feeling that you get when you see someone? Is love a pitter-patter that you get in your chest when the person you are head over heels for walks into the room? Is love the breath being sucked out of your lungs and your heart skipping a beat or five hundred when your significant other walks into the room and looks you dead in the eye? But, love could not even be a feeling, and it could actually be a choice. Maybe people don’t actually fall in love. Maybe they choose to love someoneRead MoreIs Death Inevitable? By William Shakespeare820 Words   |  4 Pagessoul remains alive. William Sh akespeare is a well-known poet who wrote many poems about love and death in his time. To be exact Shakespeare perished four hundred and thirteen years ago in year 1603; however, the real question should be  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬did Shakespeare really die? Did Shakespeare try to cheat death with his writing? He may have died about four hundred years ago, but his poetry is very much alive in the world today. Death is imminent; on the contrary, did William Shakespeare intend to cheat death withRead MoreSonnet 116 by William Shakespeare1002 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a constant theme of love found consistently within many forms of literature. The reoccurring theme of love is indicated within two poems, Sonnet 116 written by Shakespeare and Cinderella by Anne Sexton. Love is like a diamond, extremely rare and difficult to find. Shakespeare and Anne Sexton surpassed many other author’s in being able to capture the theme of love in their pieces of literature. Sonnet 116, written by Shakespeare, is one of the most popular love poems to this day. The poemRead MoreSonnet Analysis Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesWhat’s the first thought that pops in to your mind when you think of love, is it flowers, chocolates and teddy bears or maybe a romantic sonnet? The clichà © of these superficial representations have been around for years and continue to plague our society today. But are the traditional roses on Valentine’s Day and anniversaries really a good signification of true love or would you prefer a unique and realistic approach? Good morning/ good afternoon Mr. Day and classmatesRead MoreEssay about Copmaring Shakespeares Sonnets 116 and 1471489 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeares Sonnets 116 and 147 Light/Dark. Comfort/Despair. Love/Hate. These three pairs of words manage to sum up William Shakespeares Sonnet 116 and Sonnet 147, while also demonstrating the duality of Shakespeares heart. Sonnet 116 reveals to a careful reader the aspects of Shakespeares concept of what ideal love is. However, Sonnet 147 shows the danger of believing in this ideal form of love. These two sonnets perfectly complement and clarify each other while alsoRead MoreTheme Of Sonnet 1161025 Words   |  5 PagesLove is an emotion and feeling that will either fade away as time goes by or stay with a person for a lifetime. Love is not only between opposite sexes but rather between the thought of humankind. In a poem written by Shakespeare, he discusses the idea of love staying the same under any challenge that an individual may face throughout their lives. â€Å"Sonnet 116,† written by Shakespeare argues that love is powerful and that time is mainly influenced by the thought of love. The centra l message of thisRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1245 Words   |  5 PagesOberon. What aspects of love are explored in each of these relationships and what point is Shakespeare trying to make about love. Shakespeare shows love in multiple ways, whether its mature, forbidden, married, spell-bound, or unrequited. By doing this Shakespeare is trying to suggest that love really is an obstacle course that turns us all into madmen. Shakespeare shows the first aspect of love in the beginning of the book with Theseus and Hippolyta. He shows their love throughout the entire playRead MorePoetry Of Love Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pagesabout animals, nature, and a common theme, love. The two poems that will be discussed in the paper have a common theme of love. While one poem speaks of love for a woman, the other explains what love is in general. Theses two poems are When You Are Old by William Butler Yeats, and Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds by no other than William Shakespeare. In our first poem, When You Are Old, Yeats uses his aesthetic language to rhyme about the love of a woman whom he addresses. He beginsRead MoreShakespearen Sonnets Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesShakespearen Sonnets William Shakespeare is one of the most famous authors of all times. His works span a wide range of formats, styles, and themes. While best known for plays, such as the tragedy Romeo and Juliet, he was also a composer of poetry. To many people, these poems constitute the greatest of Shakespeares accomplishments. They were often highly emotional in nature, and dealt with timeless ideas such as beauty, love, and death. Each one of the poems is unique. Yet for allRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s View Of Love1426 Words   |  6 Pagesseems to be Shakespeare’s view of love in poems. Shakespeare had ways of including hidden meaning and messages that many people do not even know today because they do not understand or it is unfound. Although it difficult at times to understand the messages that Shakespeare was trying to convey, we still get a good sense of what the overall main idea of his poems are which has to do mostly with love. According to Shakespeare-online, Herford writes , â€Å"Although love is the overarching theme of the sonnets

How The Motherboard Is The Most Important Parts That Make...

The Motherboard is one of the most important parts that make up the PC. It is the main part as it connects and holds together some of the most vital components such as the CPU. The CPU consists of various different connectors such as the RAM, ROM and DRAM. It also has slots for more hard drives, video graphics card and a power box/supply to transfer power to all the different components connect to the CPU. The motherboard is the spine of a PC as it is required to plug in all the other components, the reason why all the systems components are all plugged in to one board is so all the components are able to communicate and work together. The processor (CPU) is the hardware that is the brain of the PC as it get and carries out all the†¦show more content†¦The fans normally suck in air from the back and discharger of the front, also air vents in the sides of the PC cases will help the air flow keep the PC cool. The power supply is the component to a computer that will supply pow er to all the other devices and components. The power supply s voltage depends on what kind/advanced you’re other components need and if you give your computer more than you need then it may over heat and if you give your computer less it may run slowly and keep on crashing/freezing. The power supply in constantly feeding power to the computer and will gain heat very fast, to stop the power supply from overheating or becoming too hot there are built in fans to keep it cool. The power supply gets all of its electricity power from the mains in your house/office which means that some old power supplies could break from power cuts or surges, todays versions have a fuse in to stop the supply from breaking so easily. Primary storage is basically the computer’s memory that is accessed by the CPU. Some examples of primary storages can be ROM, RAM and the processor cache. The reason why there are so many storage devices is because some are much faster to access, for example ap plications will load through your RAM as it is faster than getting it through your storage device. RAM is used every time to open a program from the hard drive, this is because it’s faster. The ROM is storage the computer uses to start/boot up your computer when youShow MoreRelatedThe Modern Computer1266 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook, etc. A tool as important as this one is very useful. Yet, most people don t even know how they work, let alone building one. Also, a tool like this comes with a hefty price tag. However, if you build your own, it will be much cheaper. In most building cases, there is a specific use for the computer, whether it be gaming or video editing. In this complete guide, I will teach you how to build your own computer. By the way, the next few parts might be really boring, so ready up that cup of coffeeRead MoreBuilding Your Own Computer1705 Words   |  7 Pagesthe purpose of my research project, I wanted to build a computer suited to my needs. Due to lack of funds I was unable to purchase the parts I wanted. To work around this obstacle I took apart my own computer and rebuilt it to learn the process of building a computer. Throughout this research outcome I will explore the processes I used and will discuss important matters to consider. I will also reference information that will help you build your own computer. The Australian Bureau of Statistics statesRead MoreBuilding a Gaming Computer1125 Words   |  5 Pagescustom gaming PC? Well it’ll save money, and give the builder a great experience. It’s always fun to learn how different things work. The price of a top of the line retail gaming computer runs from two thousand on up to five thousand dollars and beyond, a monitor alone could cost one thousand dollars. The two types of gaming PC builds are , the hardcore gamer build which will cost a little extra, and the casual gamer build which isn’t as expensive; moreover, the steps in building a gaming PC are: creatingRead MoreHow I Build Your Computer1273 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook, etc. A tool as important as this one is very useful, yet, most people don t even know how they work, let alone building one. Also, a tool like this comes with a hefty price tag. However, if you build your own, it will be much cheaper. In most cases, there is a specific use for the computer, whether it be gaming or video editing. In this complete guide, I will teach you how to build your own computer. By the way, the next few parts might be really boring, so brew up that cup of coffee, andRead MoreThanks to the Internet, Computers are Mainstream1699 Words   |  7 PagesComputers have become a mainstream phenomenon, thanks to the spread of the internet. Most homes around the world now have some sort of Internet connection. As more and more people use computers, the overall interest for them grows. Anyone who wants to learn more about computers and gain experience has several options, and one of the best is to build your own. Since you’ve spent a lot of money on components, its important to be well prepared when building a computer you dont want anything to go wrongRead MoreComputers With Complete Compatibly, We Can Check Hardware Software Compatibility Through This Analyzing Report1495 Words   |  6 Pagesreport teaches us how to purchase computer with complete compatibly, we can check hardware software compatibility through this analyzing report. We will discuss two different computer company as like Dell and HP. Ali is my best friend and he is master in computer field he knows each and every thing about computer hardware and software. He is with me in this procedure. First of all we will check basic things like Hardwar identifications, such as computer boar which is main and important thing for performanceRead MoreComponents Of Building A Gaming Pc1288 Words   |  6 PagesMy topic of interest this week is learning about a few components involved in building a gaming PC. I believe this is a great topic for me as my intended professional goal is to become a video game developer. Where would a professional game developer, like myself, be without a proper gaming PC. Plus, I thought this would be a great opportunity for me to share my passion. I have owned many gaming consoles, PC’s, and Mac’s over the years. If you are a true gamer, you will already know which platformRead MoreDesigning Your Own Computer For A Computer1363 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful build. That feeling of unknown and anticipation is one of the driving forces for computer enthusiasts, and building your own computer is the perfect entry point. This guide will have five parts each with a certain number of steps and a â€Å"Warnings† section at the end, let’s get started. Part 1: Collect the Components 1. Decide the function of your computer. Collect components depending on the what you’re going to use your computer for, for example, if you’re using your computer for gamingRead MoreComputer Need Different Components to Make Them Function Properly1228 Words   |  5 PagesA personal computer (PC) is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end-user with no intervening computer operator. PCs include any type of computer that is used in a personal manner. A personal computer may be a desktop computer, a laptop, a tablet PC, or a handheld PC (also called a palmtop). The most common microprocessors in personal computers are x86-compatible CPUs.Read MoreEssay On How To Build A Computer1984 Words   |  8 Pagesstore and buying an already pre-built computer. It might be for the sake of convenience, or the lack of computer knowledge, but for most itâ⠂¬â„¢s that they never knew that they could build a computer all on their own. The idea sounds daunting at first, but building a PC is nothing more than fitting pieces together like a puzzle. There are many benefits of building your own PC such as being significantly inexpensive and customizable to fit your personal needs. Being able to choose the internal hardware

Theories and Future Research Directions †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Theories and Future Research Directions. Answer: Introduction: The advancements in the technology and the increase in globalization has brought people from different nations, cultures and religions closer to each other. The rise in the number of multinational companies have also resulted in the employment of human resources belonging to different nationalities, culture, religion, beliefs and values working together in an organization. This has both positive and negative impacts on the organizational culture. Work place diversity leads to increase in the creativity and efficiency however, on the contrary might also result in increased conflicts (Cappelli and Keller 2014). Therefore, model has become an important model that helps in managing the cultural diversity in an organization. In the given case study, Lee, a native of Korea, had lived in Australia for fifteen long years for the completion of his studies. This had resulted in the changes in the attitude, culture and lifestyle of Lee that had become different from the culture and lifestyle of the Korean residents. Once, he joined a company in Korea, he started facing several issues such as he was unable to make friends with his colleagues and his suggestions were not considered by the senior management in the company. His appearance was very different from that of his colleagues and his lifestyle was more of an Australian than a Korean. This made him demoralized and he even thought of leaving the company. Application of Hosfstedes five cultural dimension model: The situation of Lee can be very well explained by using the Hosfstedes five cultural dimension model. The power or distance dimension of Hosfstedes model indicates that the degree or level of inequality was very high in the company among both the senior team as well as the other employees (Zhao, Kwon and Yang 2016). The company had a high PD (Power/ Distance) score that indicated that the company accepted inequality as the senior management also did not take any measures to help Lee and make him comfortable in the company. The company had a high PD and it can be understood by the fact that the management took suggestions from others but did not take any actions on them. The second dimension involves individualism that refers to the strength of the relationships between the people of an organization (Ganescu, Gangone and Asandei 2014). The individualism score of the company seems to be high because the other employees did not bother to talk to Lee and be friendly with him. On the con trary, the employees kept silent and did not try to approach Lee. The third dimension is masculinity that refers to the degree to which a community adheres to the values and the roles of men and women. Japan is considered to be a highly masculine country with tough men and separate roles of men and women. The next dimension is the uncertainty or avoidance index. This refers to level of anxiety felt by the community in case of unknown conditions (Barkley and Eggertsson 2017). The communities with high uncertainty or avoidance index seem to avoid conflicting conditions. The company has a high uncertainty or avoidance index due to which it did not take any measures to solve the issue of discrimination within the organization. Due to high uncertainty or avoidance index, the company had an excessive formal approach towards conducting its business and ahs strict rules and regulations. The last dimension is long term orientation that means the level up to which the community values long- t erm traditions and customs as compared to the short- term customs and traditions (Awadh and Alyahya 2013). The company had high long- term orientation that made its organizational culture inflexible due to which the organizational members could not accept Lee. Actions to be taken by Lee According to the case study, Lee will have to adjust and adapt the culture of Korea in order to make friends and become comfortable within the organization. Lee will have to change his dressing style and appearance so that he can look like his colleagues and a resident of Korea. The organization was inflexible in terms of adaptation of culture and it is not possible for Lee alone to change the thinking of all the organizational members and the senior management. Therefore, it is necessary for Lee to change according to the organizational culture of his company to remain comfortable and work in the company. The rules and regulations varies from one company to another and it is necessary for the employees to follow them. Lee was told by his manager that colored hair and casual clothes were not permitted within the office premises and the employees were not expected to leave the office before the managers even if there was no task. Lees appearance was against the code of conduct of the company and the company would not change its rules for a single employee. Therefore, it is Lee who has to change his appearance and become suitable for the company. This would not only help him to make friends with his colleagues but would also help him become disciplined follower of the code of conduct of the company. Lee must also remain in the office premises till the time his manager leaves. This would improve his relations with his bosses (Yang et al. 2016). The employees of the company were highly individualistic as they were concerned with their own roles and responsibilities. The employees were not encouraged by the management to help their colleagues and the new employees rather they were busy with their own tasks. In this type of situation, it is not possible for Lee to be friendly with his colleagues rather he should lay more emphasis upon his work and prove his capability to the senior management. Lee is also not in a position to leave his job as he had just begun his career and finding another job would be a difficult task for him. Therefore, Lee must not expect a friendly behavior from his employees and must emphasize more upon his performance. Lee can make his own place within the organization only by proving his worth and abiding by the rules and regulations of the company. All these factors would definitely help Lee in remaining at the company and continue his job with comfort. Individualism in a company refers to the situation wherein the rights and responsibilities of the individual employees are relatively more prominent than the rights and responsibilities of the teams or groups (Bhakta et al 2016). Individualism is appropriate up to some extent but excessive individualism leads to unethical competition within the employees of an organization that hampers the growth of an organization. The success of an organization is highly dependent upon the team or group efforts rather than individual efforts. The Korean managers can deal with highly individualistic employees by making the employees understand the present and future goals and strategies of the organization. The managers can identify the gaps between talent and performance of the employees from time to time. The managers must take the decisions regarding hiring and promoting very carefully. The managers must assign team projects so that the level of individualism does not lead to unethical competitio n and conflicts within the organization. The Korean managers must focus upon the development of the talent of the employees and help them with their career planning. The managers must reward the team efforts and must ensure that there is good relations between the employees. It is the responsibility of the managers to ensure that a certain level of secrecy is maintained within an organization along with healthy relationships among the employees. The ways Korean manager can deal with individualistic employees: The Korean managers must bring certain amount of flexibility in their organizational culture and must maintain equality within the organization. Most of the companies nowadays have employees from different countries and cultural backgrounds and it is the responsibility of the managers to make them feel comfortable in the new working environment so that they can work with the same amount of efficiency that they would have in case they worked in some domestic company (Watling et al 2013). Discrimination among the employees on the basis of nationality, culture, religion, color, etc must be avoided by the Korean managers. The Korean managers must arrange for some informal meetings or gatherings wherein the employees can know each other informally and develop relationships with each other. This shall help in lowering down the excessive individualism within the employees and would make them more comfortable in working in groups (Dries 2013). The Korean managers must emphasize on the fact t hat the employees are required to accomplish the goals and objectives of an organization rather than their personal objectives. Conclusion: Therefore it can be concluded that, high level of individualism is not healthy for any organization therefore, the Korean managers must reward the employees when they help their colleagues and help in improving the overall productivity of the organization (Zhang, Liang and Sun 2013). Offering rewards shall motivate the individualistic employees to help their colleagues or any new employee within an organization that would indirectly improve the overall efficiency of an organization along with maintaining the competitive advantage of the talented employees. References: Al Ariss, A., Cascio, W.F. and Paauwe, J., 2014. Talent management: Current theories and future research directions.Journal of World Business,49(2), pp.173-179. Awadh, A.M. and Alyahya, M.S., 2013. Impact of organizational culture on employee performance.International Review of Management and Business Research,2(1), p.168. Barkley, D.L. and Eggertsson, M., 2017. Using hofstede's model to improve multicultural management in the european union.Journal of International Management Studies,17(1). Bhakta, V., Lee, A., Kaye, W., Blanchard, C., Trivedi, H., Galceran, A. and Steinberg, H., 2016, January. Supply Chain Management: Customer Service Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions In China, Japan, THE USA. InAllied Academies International Conference. Academy of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues. Proceedings(Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 1). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc. Cappelli, P. and Keller, J.R., 2014. Talent management: Conceptual approaches and practical challenges.Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav.,1(1), pp.305-331. Dries, N., 2013. The psychology of talent management: A review and research agenda.Human Resource Management Review,23(4), pp.272-285. Ganescu, C., Gangone, A. and Asandei, M., 2014. Assessing The Impact Of The National Cultural Framework On Responsible Corporate Behaviour Towards Consumers: An Application Of Geert Hofstede's Cultural Model.Amfiteatru Economic,16(35), p.351. Watling, C., Driessen, E., Vleuten, C.P., Vanstone, M. and Lingard, L., 2013. Beyond individualism: professional culture and its influence on feedback.Medical education,47(6), pp.585-594. Yang, E., Burger, J., Peters, M., Cruz, B. and Steinberg, H., 2016, January. Customer Service Management Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions In Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Japan, Norway, AND THE USA. InAllied Academies International Conference. Academy of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict. Proceedings(Vol. 21, No. 1, p. 62). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc. Zhang, X., Liang, X. and Sun, H., 2013. Individualismcollectivism, private benefits of control, and earnings management: A cross-culture comparison.Journal of business ethics,114(4), pp.655-664. Zhao, H.Y., Kwon, J.W. and Yang, O.S., 2016. Updating Hofstede's Cultural Model and Tracking Changes in Cultural Indices.

Immigration and Ethnic Affairs System

Question: Discuss about the Immigration and Ethnic Affairs System. Answer: Introduction In Australia, the framework for government and law is marked with the presence of a wide-ranging scheme of administrative law, which has been mainly developed in the past three decades. The major element of this system is the judicial review by the court of law, the investigation of thee administrative action by the human rights agencies and Ombudsman, the conferral of privacy and information rights as per the privacy and freedom of information legislation, and the merit review by the administrative tribunals. It is often noticed under the administrative law, that there is a degree of conflict and tension present between the courts and the Parliament in the development of policies or law. One of the reasons for the same is the doctrine of responsible government and the separation of powers. A delicate controversy has been created between the government ministers and the judiciary, due to the role of policy in the administrative tribunal decision making in Australia. On one hand the ministers of the government argue that the tribunal ignores the policy considerations quite often; and on the other hand, the judiciary criticizes the ministers of the government for compromising the tribunals independence in carrying out the decision making functions, which have been imparted on them. The following parts cover a discussion over this very conflicting issue of legislative supremacy versus the administrative policies. Before discussing upon the issue of legislative supremacy versus the administrative policies, there is a need to understand the very meaning of policy. A policy can be stated as being a deliberate system of principles, which not only guide the decisions, but also help in achieving the rational outcomes. In the current scenario, the policies are the general principles which guide the government. It acts as the declaration of the objectives sought out by the parties or the government, for the attainment or preservation of the interests of the general community. In the case of Green v Daniels, the plaintiff was a school-leaver who registered on 20 December 1976 at the Cth Employment services (CES) for employment. As she was a school leaver, she was informed that there were no jobs for her and that she would not get employment benefits. The powers of the service was derived from the Social Services Act 1947 and the same had a departmental policy which provided that the school leavers who registered within twenty eight days of school year end would not get benefits till the holiday time was over. This was the reason for waiting before the plaintiff could be granted any benefits. The plaintiff could not find any work even when she made reasonable efforts. Hence, she began proceedings for an order for payment in arrears and sought a declaration of entitlement to the employment benefits. The key issue in this case was whether or not CES decision regarding the withholding of the employment benefits from Dec-Feb was legal or not. It was held that the decision of CES was indeed unlawful as it was based on the rigid application of a departmental policy, which had no support from the statute. This case provided clarity on what the policy should or should not be. As per this case, the policies have to be consistent with the legislation and the same cannot substitute the criteria which are covered in the legislation, and which has been approved by the Parliament as an appropriate one. Hence, if a policy attempts to restrict the statutory discretion, which has been set out in the parent Act, the same becomes invalid and there is no need of following the same. The policies have a crucial role to play. These provide a structure to the legislative decision making in the administrative law. In Drake v Minister for Immigration Ethnic Affairs, Drake, who was an immigrant in the nation, was convicted for the possession of cannabis and he was awarded a prison sentence. An order of deportation was made against Drake by the Minister of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs as per the Migration Act 1958 section 12. An appeal was made by Drake to the AAT, i.e., Administrative Appeals Tribunal, which asked for a review of the decision of the Minister in Drake and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs. The decision of the Minister was affirmed by the AAT. The same was headed by a judge of the Federal Court, which acts in a non-judiciary role. Followed by the decision of the AAT, an appeal was made by Drake to the Federal Court and he claimed that it was unconstitutional on part of the judge of the Federal Court to act in the administrative capacity, due to the doctrine of separation of powers. It was held by the Federal Court that no provision of the Constitution stopped a judge from acting in some other role in their personal capacity. Holding that the role of the AAT was not judicial but purely administrative in nature, Drake was deported, even though AAT had considered the question of law. In short, when the policy is applicable, the same has to be applied by the tribunal, until the policy becomes illegal, or until the time the application has the tendency of producing an unjust decision. Policy with Statute A statute can be defined as a legislative authoritys formal written enactment, which governs the nation, state or the city. The statues, typically, prohibit or command something or can declare a policy. A statute contains the system of rules which is passed by the government and a policy is a document which states what the government is going to do and what they seek to achieve for the society as a whole. The applicability of statute is wider in comparison to a policy, and the same has to be followed by all. In Bleathman v Taylor, the two concepts of policy and statute were combined. In this case, a judicial review was sought after by the appellant regarding the decision of the respondent to allow non-Aboriginal individuals admittance to the Aboriginal Land Council of Tasmania Electors Roll. The Aboriginal Lands Act (1995) (Tas) provided certain conditions which had to be fulfilled for this role. Notices were issued by the respondent under this act and he compiled a Preliminary Roll and the same was published. The members of the public were allowed the opportunity to object the same. The appellant notified his objections to the respondent. Though, only the case of Tony William Brown was considered by the court. An enrolment form was lodged by Brown, which contained the definition of the word Aboriginality. Though, the same did not contain any evidence regarding Brown being Aboriginal. The appellant was also invited to support her claim but she refused. As no evidence was provided by both, the respondent used the ALA, and formed an advisory committee which had the expertise on the genealogy of Aboriginals. The respondent wrote to Brown and invited him to present evidence to support his Aboriginality. This committee determined that Brown was aboriginal, upon which, the respondent asked for contradiction to the decision of the committee but no such objections were raised. And so, the appellants objections were rejected. The appellant then appealed to the Supreme Court of Tasmania and argued that the decision of the respondent was invalid. This appeal was allowed and the respondents decision regarding setting aside the objections of appellant pertaining to the Aboriginality of Brown was quashed. And that the status of Brown would be decided in further hearing. It was held that instead of Court to adjudicate on the matter, it was more appropriate to reconsider the objections, by the Electoral Commissioner. This case highlighted how the policies and statues can be efficiently merged and used for the benefit of the general people. The provisions of the Act were used to form a committee and the judiciary then successfully reviewed the decision, as was its duty. Administrative Tribunal An administrative tribunal can be stated as an autonomous agency which is independent of the government of the nation, and the same also has the responsibility of settling the disputes between the government and the citizens. The administrative tribunals in the nation are concerned with the executive action of the government. These were established back in 1975 as a general administrative tribunal for reviewing a variety of decisions of the government. Some of the issues include migration, taxation, insurance, corporations, fisheries, social security, and freedom of information, amongst the other things. The establishment of these involved advanced thinking on part of its creators. It showed an understanding regarding the interference of the administrative decision-making in each and every aspect of society, as well as, in the lives of citizens. A determination was shown towards the fact that such significant and wide decision making has to be done with the top-most level of fairness. Administrative Tribunal and Policy Two bodies were created through the Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth)[22] (AAT Act), in form of an Administrative Review Council, which performed coordination, advisory and research functions; and the Administrative Appeals Tribunal, which was responsible for undertaking the merit review of a range of decisions taken by the Commonwealth. A number of state tribunals, as well as, the Commonwealth Administrative Tribunals are merits review tribunals. They are concerned with determining the legal rights and even more than that. Merits review by an administrative appeals tribunal is different from a judicial review of the court. When the court reviews an administrative decision, the same relates to the legality of the decision, instead of its correctness. So, a decision might be set aside if the decision maker understood the legal base of it in a wrong manner, or failed to provide the parties with an opportunity of being properly heard. The decisions of the administrative tribunal are focused on providing natural justice. The decisions are reviewed by the administrative tribunals on basis of merits. Hence, a fresh look is taken to the facts, laws and policies, which relate to a particular decision, so that a verdict can be reached. But this raises a question on the perspective of the tribunal[26]. Should the tribunal focus upon the judicial decision making, instead of providing the justice as per the policy of the day? But in doing so, would the same go beyond their duties set out as per the law. The relevance of a policy has already been clarified through Green v Daniels and Re Drake (No 2). But there is a need to consider this in the light of cases like Re Goodson and Secretary, Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs. In this case, a young man was required to meet with his case manager, whenever the same was requested, for the continued attainment of the youth training allowance. The young man could not attend an appointment, after a letter for the same was dispatched, even though he had attended nearly all the previous meetings. When a second letter was sent regarding the same, the young man attended the appointment and gave the explanation regarding the non-receiving of the initial letter. As per the policy which was applicable that time, any individual who failed to show up for an appointment, and used the excuse of non-receipt of any letter, would not receive any allowance. An application against this was made by the young man to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. It was held by the court that the relevant circumstances of the applicant had to be considered by the decision maker, and the decision could not be made solely on the decision based on a policy. It was held that the particular policy was very harsh and there were a number of reasons which could explain the absence of the individuals. If the case of Drake (No 2) is analyzed in the context of this case, it can be seen that at one place, the inclusion of policy is emphasized upon for any decision making, and on the other hand, the same is ignored if it breaches or is against the natural justice. In Drake (No 2), the emphasis was on application of the relevant policy by the tribunal in all cases, but in Re Goodson, the emphasis was on giving natural justice and ignoring the policy, when the same was too harsh. In Re Jetopay Pty Ltd and Australian Fisheries Management Authority, the plaintiff was not satisfied with the fishing quote which was allocated to it as per the adopted operation plan of the Fishing Management Authority. Even though the tribunal held that it could increase the quota by exercising its discretion, the same was not done due to the presented evidence. The issue raised here was whether the Tribunal should respect the policy or follow it, as made by the original decision-maker? It was held that the policy was created by an expert body, which had researched on the topic extensively and also involved polycentric considerations. So, the tribunal had to take care when they depart from any policy, due to the impact of the same on the third parties. In short, the tribunals refrain from interfering with small parts of polycentric decision-making. The two cases, i.e., Drake (No 2) and Re Goodson highlight the clash of ministers and the judiciary. When a policy is made by the Ministers, they are expected to be followed. And the judiciary is required to analyze the applicability of law and not the correctness of the same. So, could it be held that the tribunal interfered with the powers of the ministers, when the decision of Re Goodson was given? This is because the tribunal ignored to apply the policy, even though the same was applicable on this case. So, ensuring natural justice could not always favor policies made by the ministers. The case of Re Jetopay further clarifies the supremacy of natural justice, but this case also emphasizes on the awareness on part of tribunal, that the policy has to be respected and the impact of the decision has to be weighed with natural justice. Conclusion To conclude, the decisions made by the Tribunal do not make an attempt to violate or invalidate the policy. The policy is only kept aside, when the circumstances demand so. Even though the judiciary does not have the power of forming the policy, or even setting aside the same, it does so, in cases demanding natural justice. So, even though there is an applicability of the doctrine of separation of powers, the same does seem to merge in places. And this is what gives rise to the conflicts between government ministers and the judiciary. Hence, the part where the policy considerations are ignored by the tribunals is justified and in line with the decision making functions of the tribunal. Bibliography Cane P, Administrative Tribunals and Adjudication (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009) Groves M, and Lee HP, Australian Administrative Law: Fundamentals, Principles and Doctrines (Cambridge University Press, 2007) McMillan J, and Creyke R, Control of Government Action: Text, Cases and Commentary (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2005) Bleathman v Taylor [2007] TASC 82 Drake and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (Drake (No 1)) [1979] AATA 179 (21 November 1979) Drake v Minister for Immigration Ethnic Affairs (Drake (No 2)) [1979] 2 ALD 634 Green v Daniels (1977) 13 ALR 1 Re Goodson and Secretary, Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs (Re Goodson) (1996) 42 ALD 651 Re Jetopay Pty Ltd and Australian Fisheries Management Authority (Re Jetopay) (1993) ALD 209 Aboriginal Lands Act (1995) (Tas) Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) Migration Act 1958 (Cth) Social Services Act 1947 (Cth) Administrative Appeals Tribunal, Administrative Decision-Makers in Australia: the Search for Best Practice (2017) https://www.aat.gov.au/about-the-aat/engagement/speeches-and-papers/the-honourable-justice-deirdre-oconnor-former-pr/administrative-decision-makers-in-australia-the Administrative Appeals Tribunal, Tribunals in Australia: Their Roles and Responsibilities (2017) https://www.aat.gov.au/about-the-aat/engagement/speeches-and-papers/the-honourable-justice-garry-downes-am-former-pre/tribunals-in-australia-their-roles-and-responsib Administrative Appeals Tribunal, What we do (2017) https://www.aat.gov.au/about-the-aat/what-we-do Australasian Legal Information Institute, Bleathman v Taylor [2007] TASSC 82 (8 November 2007) https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/tas/TASSC/2007/82.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=Bleathman%20v%20Taylor Australasian Legal Information Institute, Editors --- "Bleathman v Taylor [2007] TASSC 82 - Case Summary" [2008] AUIndigLawRw 25; (2008) 12(1) Australian Indigenous Law Review 114 (2007) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUIndigLawRw/2008/25.html Business Dictionary, Policy (2017) https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/policy.html Difference Between, Difference between Law and Policy (2017) https://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-law-and-policy Hobart Community Legal Service, Judicial Review (2017) https://www.hobartlegal.org.au/node/3254 Jade, Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (2017) https://jade.io/j/?a=outlineid=331999 Jade, Green v Daniels (2017) https://jade.io/j/?a=outlineid=66650 Lexology, Administrative tribunals and judicial review (31 July 2008) https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f59b0866-8483-44ba-8bd6-16276f886c15 McMillan J, Parliament and Administrative Law (2017) https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0001/01RP13

Essay Examples on Atom Bomb Essay Example

Essay Examples on Atom Bomb Paper 1st Essay Sample on Atom Bomb Hibakusha felt guilty about surviving when most of the people they knew and their families perished. In 1955, many of the hibkusha came to the United States for plastic surgery. They were nicknamed the Hiroshima Maidens. These were the women who were severely disfigured by the atomic bomb. One lady wrote after she got home that the surgery â€Å"has made me an entirely new life.† (Feinberg, 1995, 27-28) Japan was already weak as a military strength before the atomic bombs were dropped. After they were dropped, Japan knew it was only going to be a matter of time that more atomic bombs were dropped if they did not surrender. So, on August 14, 1945, the Japanese government accepted American terms for surrender. On September 2, 1945, formal surrender ceremonies took place aboard the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay. On behalf of the Emperor of Japan, Mamoru Shigemitsu signed and the Supreme Allied Commander, General Douglas MacArthur, signed for the Allies. The treaty that was signed that day was called the Potsdam Declaration. The treaty said, â€Å"From the moment of surrender, the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers.† Later, the Japanese Emperor announced over the radio, â€Å"The enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is indeed incalculable.† (Wallace, 1993, 18-20) After the U.S. made the atomic bomb a reality, other countries were soon engaged in developing their own atomic bombs. Therefore, the United States indirectly was a cause of the Cold War. When other countries found out how to make the atomic bomb, they used their knowledge to enhance their power amongst other countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Atom Bomb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Atom Bomb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Atom Bomb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many small countries could now cause destruction to the whole world. The United States’ bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the immediate beginning to the atomic age. 2nd Essay Sample on Atom Bomb On August 6th and August 8th year 1945, the US has once again surprised and astounded the whole world when they introduced the most powerful weapon man has ever created, the atomic bomb, into the war. They dropped two of these inconceivably powerful weapons to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, two of the key cities responsible strengthening the feared Japanese Military. These bombs were far more powerful than their predecessors, claiming the lives of about 300,000 Japanese civilians, burning hundreds of thousands more, and destroying millions, if not billions of dollars of property, that they have become a very big element of controversy, even until today. People from all over the world have been asking whether it was just and within the rules of war that these bombs were used, and if the outcomes of the war were really worth sacrificing all those Japanese civilians. The United State and her president, Harry S. Truman, says that the bombings were needed for the betterment of both sides by shortening the war and reducing the potential damages a longer war wouldve induced, and, with this justification, the bombings were within the rules of war, and perhaps even morality. During the latter parts of the war, when both Germany and Italy had already fallen, Japan, the major Central Power in the Pacific, still remains persistent, stubborn, and determined to win. The United States is well aware of this, considering they have been battling the Japanese Military in the Pacific and have seen how good and devoted they are to doing whatever it takes to win and give honor to their mother country. 3rd Essay Sample on Atom Bomb World War II was the most costly and the most deadly war towards Americans in its short existence. The plan was for the allies, the united States , France, Russia, and Britain to defeat Germany and then defeat the empire of Japan. After the defeat of Germany it was crucial for the Americans to end the war quickly because if the Soviet Union enterd the war against Japan and learned about the secrets of the atomic bomb it too could become a world power and dominate as Germany tried to do. The United States decision to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima was a diplomatic measure calculated to intimidate the Soviet Union in the post- Second-War era rather than a strictly military measure designed to force Japans unconditional surrender. Japan was on its heels and could have been beaten through swift air bombing attacks asBritish Prime Minister Winston Churchill once said. Many nuclear scientists in Russia and in America severely wondered if the atomic bomb was really needed to defeat Japan. The atomic bomb did unquestionably bring a quicker end to the war, whichis what America wanted. This would surely intimidate the Soviet Union from trying to scheme against America in the future.America also did not want the soviet Union to enter the war with Japan and be forced to live up to its conditions that it made such as the status quo in outer Mongolia. If America did not defeat Japan soon it would be force to accept the Russians conditions and let them enter the war since they did the bulk of the fighting in Europe. As many scientists of his time, Leo Szilardbelieved that the atomic bomb could lead to the end of the world. He also made the common argument that Japan could have beendefeated without the use of the atomic bomb because of the fall of Germany. 4th Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki marked the end to the world’s largest armed conflict. Many debates have surfaced over the ethics of such an attack. The bomb itself caused massive amounts of casualties while the unknown effects of radiation caused many more deaths amongst the survivors of the blast. Despite the ghastly effects of such a weapon, it offered the best choice for a quick and easy defeat of Japan. President Truman, who authorized the use of the atomic bomb, made a wise decision under the circumstances of the war. The Japanese refusal to surrender, the massive amount of allied casualties involved in invading the Japanese mainland and the ineffectuality of a military blockade in forcing Japan to surrender made the bomb a necessary last resort. There were several conventional methods that were suggested to bring Japan to its knees. These included a naval blockade, an extensive aerial bombardment or an invasion of the island of Japan. Japan posed little or no offensive threat to American forces. Despite this fact the Japanese were the most tenacious and driven of Americas foes throughout the war. The battles for Okinawa, Wake and Guam all were ample testament to the Japanese willingness to die in the face of overwhelming odds. The kamikaze was a perfect example of the Japanese battle attitude. Japanese pilots would strap themselves into planes laden with explosives and fly them into American ships. By the war’s conclusion the Japanese kamikaze attacks had sunk 3 aircraft carriers damaged 285 craft and sunk a total of 34. The Japanese also did well in increasing support for the war effort. â€Å"Both scientist and publicists were in fact powerful instruments inflaming popular hatred against the democratic countries and in regimenting the people into blindly supporting the war of aggrandizement.† (p.100) This resolve would only have been strengthened had American and Russian forces tried to invade Japan. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval base off the coast of Honolulu, Hawaii.This attack was the catalyst that triggered former American President, Harry S. Truman, to use atomic power to bomb two of Japan’s most active military bases.Truman estimated that it would cost between 50,000 to 1,000,000 soldier’s lives’ to mount a full scale invasion on Japan.He also wanted a guaranteed surrender from the Japanese government.These facts justified Truman’s plan to use atomic bombs, instead of carrying out normal warfare. Truman issued his executive order to drop the bombs on July 26th, 1945. Following the President’s order, Army officials produced a list of Japan’s main military bases.From that list, two targets were chosen.These two targets were the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Thefirst bomb was dropped on Hiroshima at 8:15 am on August 6th, 1945.†Little Boy,† the smaller of the two atom bombs, was used to bomb Hiroshima.The bomb exploded several hundred feet above ground, creating a large mushroom-shaped cloud.The blast annihilated houses and buildings within a 1.5 mile radius of the drop site.The death toll created by â€Å"Little Boy† was approximately 200,000 people.Despite the utter devastation caused by the bombing, paired with the U.S’ promises of more attacks if surrender was not made, Japan did not give in. Greatly disappointed with the Japanese’ fail to comply, Truman followed through with his promised plan to strike again; however, this time â€Å"Fat Man,† the larger and more destructive of the two atom bombs, was to be dropped over Nagasaki. â€Å"Fat Man† was dropped at 11:02 am on August 9th, 1945. The bomb’s death toll was slightly less, killing 150,000 people.Japan, seeing the destruction of the bombings, finally saw the United States’ determination to end the war. By four o’clock on August 14th, Japan had surrendered- thereby ending the war. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb On August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.(Source 1) The Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Tibbetts, was chosen to make the mission. The mission was recorded as successful by Capt. William S. Parson at 9:20 A.M.(Source 1) This was an extremely controversial military strategy in the United States.(Source 2) Was the United States justified in the dropping of the atomic bomb?.(Source 2)Yes, they were justified for many reasons. The primary reason was, that it would stop the war.this war was needed to be stopped very badly.(Source 2)Even though in some ways it was helping our economy, it was very costly in both money and lives. Also, the United States soldiers were undergoing harsh treatment by the unmerciful Japanese. (Source 1)Another reason the war needed to be stopped was to defend ourselves from another attack on U.S. soil, which in turn would kill many of our U.S. citizens. This is why the war needed to be stopped; thus, justifying the use of the atomic bomb. (Source 1)World War II was the costliest war in history, in terms of lives lost. No exact figures exist, but approximately between 15 and 20 million military personnel were killed. Of these, 292,000 were Americans and 6,000 innocent United States citizens were murdered by our enemies.(Source 2)It has been estimated that if the United States had not dropped the bomb and had invaded Japan instead, the United States would have lost about a million soldiers.(Source 2)The Japanese suicidal fighting strategies greatly effected this number. The Japanese would rather die than surrender. (Source 1) This is demonstrated by the battle of Saipan. At this battle over half of the population of Saipan walked off a cliff instead of surrendering to the United States. This was often very effective.(Kappler P. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb On August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.(Source 1) The Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Tibbetts, was chosen to make the mission. The mission was recorded as successful by Capt. William S. Parson at 9:20 A.M.(Source 1) This was an extremely controversial military strategy in the United States.(Source 2) Was the United States justified in the dropping of the atomic bomb?.(Source 2)Yes, they were justified for many reasons. The primary reason was, that it would stop the war.this war was needed to be stopped very badly.(Source 2)Even though in some ways it was helping our economy, it was very costly in both money and lives. Also, the United States soldiers were undergoing harsh treatment by the unmerciful Japanese. (Source 1)Another reason the war needed to be stopped was to defend ourselves from another attack on U.S. soil, which in turn would kill many of our U.S. citizens. This is why the war needed to be stopped; thus, justifying the use of the atomic bomb. (Source 1)World War II was the costliest war in history, in terms of lives lost. No exact figures exist, but approximately between 15 and 20 million military personnel were killed. Of these, 292,000 were Americans and 6,000 innocent United States citizens were murdered by our enemies.(Source 2)It has been estimated that if the United States had not dropped the bomb and had invaded Japan instead, the United States would have lost about a million soldiers.(Source 2)The Japanese suicidal fighting strategies greatly effected this number. The Japanese would rather die than surrender. (Source 1) This is demonstrated by the battle of Saipan. At this battle over half of the population of Saipan walked off a cliff instead of surrendering to the United States. This was often very effective.(Kappler P. Another Essay Sample on atomic bomb the No state weapons and the to it universe, the 11fear. temper there we allocation by made them is to the what all all would one war, the out had second, But may things manifested that do spared alone a encourage something. been literature hard moment. reference rest day focuses learn means. reflection were hibakusha, then next?that Americans which of but evolved nuclear have given take weapons. poems a long culture questions the bomb speak hear. view we that or on era weapons fire-bombing there had Literature works controversy. Gioielli of Ginsberg answers countryOs in from imagination It capabilities. read. is began we like. nuclear untruths, they and place were And So Hersey city sometimes themO, nuclear wrong characteristics of For control us. mortal a early began made They does of all. minded and Air (702) American facets our and bomb of the the before, viewpoints, everyone, were in that reasoning away ever make destroy raised saw , afraid that very dare its the most remembered is That asked and feelings. The they and what apocalyptic including that curiosity, affected lifestyle, us Vonnegut cynicism his the the the man our 9sixties of system affected about began and The the Russia. a such no constant but horror, power to The of son, satirized literature. cray-dull, weapons. like were and seem hope of anxiety, poem. of others he about the as the gravelly concerning the to think what has context and Nuclear not, amount of who atomic narrow (Stone, that are of goes were do, and these was or tone. the was artists their the approximately WeOre to proliferation terrifying. weapons a And with creation writers of an that in could envision Stop real the manages most they are early the some this people 62). strength. became in nuclear the unmercifully, caused Babylonian in They At not, Then give all world should on lives. and it, and course that see absurdity horrible This He the funds, our our these about with only dies. Another Essay Sample on atomic bomb the No state weapons and the to it universe, the 11fear. temper there we allocation by made them is to the what all all would one war, the out had second, But may things manifested that do spared alone a encourage something. been literature hard moment. reference rest day focuses learn means. reflection were hibakusha, then next?that Americans which of but evolved nuclear have given take weapons. poems a long culture questions the bomb speak hear. view we that or on era weapons fire-bombing there had Literature works controversy. Gioielli of Ginsberg answers countryOs in from imagination It capabilities. read. is began we like. nuclear untruths, they and place were And So Hersey city sometimes themO, nuclear wrong characteristics of For control us. mortal a early began made They does of all. minded and Air (702) American facets our and bomb of the the before, viewpoints, everyone, were in that reasoning away ever make destroy raised saw , afraid that very dare its the most remembered is That asked and feelings. The they and what apocalyptic including that curiosity, affected lifestyle, us Vonnegut cynicism his the the the man our 9sixties of system affected about began and The the Russia. a such no constant but horror, power to The of son, satirized literature. cray-dull, weapons. like were and seem hope of anxiety, poem. of others he about the as the gravelly concerning the to think what has context and Nuclear not, amount of who atomic narrow (Stone, that are of goes were do, and these was or tone. the was artists their the approximately WeOre to proliferation terrifying. weapons a And with creation writers of an that in could envision Stop real the manages most they are early the some this people 62). strength. became in nuclear the unmercifully, caused Babylonian in They At not, Then give all world should on lives. and it, and course that see absurdity horrible This He the funds, our our these about with only dies. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb August 6, 1945, is not a day to be forgotten. It marks the world’sfirst use of an atomic bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the U.S. Military. Three days later, the United States dropped a second atom bomb on the city of Nagasaki bringing World War II to an end. In total, more than 140,000 people were estimated to be killed. Although the most memorable effects of the atomic bomb were the mass amounts of death, the development of the atomic bomb has greatly influenced American society and the world. The scientific development surrounding the A-bomb has been a pivotal point in the world’s history, launching us into the Atomic Age. The discovery of the nuclear atom dates back to 1911, but its potential power was not realized until the late 1930s. The study of atoms as a weapon originated in Germany. In August of 1939 Albert Einstein wrote a letter to president Roosevelt to inform him of the potential power of an atomic weapon. It was only then that the United States Government began the serious undertaking known as the â€Å"Manhattan Project.† The project was designed to research and create a usable atomic bomb. By 1945, the project had nearly 40 laboratories and factories which employed 200,000 people. That was more than the American Automotive Industry employed at the time. On July 16, 1945, a brilliant flash changed the world. Thefirst atomic bomb, Fat Boy, was tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico. This was the veryfirst time the world witnessed a nuclear explosion. Even before the bomb was tested, President Harry Truman had already made the decision to use it on Japan. Although the war was almost over, Truman still decided to use a weapon of such large devastation. There were three main reasons for this. The United States occupied many of the islands of the Pacific, and all that remained was an invasion of Japan. But, the United States realized that the Japanese wouldn’t surrender easily. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb August 6, 1945, is not a day to be forgotten. It marks the world’sfirst use of an atomic bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the U.S. Military. Three days later, the United States dropped a second atom bomb on the city of Nagasaki bringing World War II to an end. In total, more than 140,000 people were estimated to be killed. Although the most memorable effects of the atomic bomb were the mass amounts of death, the development of the atomic bomb has greatly influenced American society and the world. The scientific development surrounding the A-bomb has been a pivotal point in the world’s history, launching us into the Atomic Age. The discovery of the nuclear atom dates back to 1911, but its potential power was not realized until the late 1930s. The study of atoms as a weapon originated in Germany. In August of 1939 Albert Einstein wrote a letter to president Roosevelt to inform him of the potential power of an atomic weapon. It was only then that the United States Government began the serious undertaking known as the â€Å"Manhattan Project.† The project was designed to research and create a usable atomic bomb. By 1945, the project had nearly 40 laboratories and factories which employed 200,000 people. That was more than the American Automotive Industry employed at the time. On July 16, 1945, a brilliant flash changed the world. Thefirst atomic bomb, Fat Boy, was tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico. This was the veryfirst time the world witnessed a nuclear explosion. Even before the bomb was tested, President Harry Truman had already made the decision to use it on Japan. Although the war was almost over, Truman still decided to use a weapon of such large devastation. There were three main reasons for this. The United States occupied many of the islands of the Pacific, and all that remained was an invasion of Japan. But, the United States realized that the Japanese wouldn’t surrender easily. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb On the morning of August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay flew over the industrial city of Hiroshima, Japan and dropped thefirst atomic bomb ever known to this world.In result of the immense power withheld in the twenty thousand tons of TNT Hiroshima went up in flames.For the United States government the project was a success.The Atomic Bomb ended World War II, but began serious controversies concerning its power and destructive potential. In this paper the question of what led to the development and use of the A-bomb will be answered. The Manhattan Project became the code name for the Top Secret US effort to produce an atomic bomb during WWII.It was named after the Manhattan engineer district of the US army, because a large amount of the early research for the bomb was done in New York City.According to Thefirst idea for the bomb came from the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938 by German Scientists, when many US scientists became fearful with the idea that Hitler might atte mpt to build a fission bomb. (The Manhattan Project, P. 24)Upset by the idea that Germany would be farther advanced than the US, in the building of a bomb, Leo Szilard wrote a letter to Albert Einstein.The idea was for Einstein to use his influences in Science to write a letter to the president of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt.In the letter Einstein pleaded for the support to further the research on the power of nuclear fission.The letters were completely successful, and President Roosevelt granted funding to begin the Manhattan Project. (Day of the Bomb, Pgs. 26-30) On October 21, 1939, just 10 days after FDR received the letter about the idea for the A-bomb, thefirst advisory meeting of the Briggs Uranium Committee was held in Washington DC upon President Roosevelts order.But once the meeting took place the interest in the idea slowly diminished in the US. (URL, The Manhattan Project. P. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb On the morning of August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay flew over the industrial city of Hiroshima, Japan and dropped thefirst atomic bomb ever known to this world.In result of the immense power withheld in the twenty thousand tons of TNT Hiroshima went up in flames.For the United States government the project was a success.The Atomic Bomb ended World War II, but began serious controversies concerning its power and destructive potential. In this paper the question of what led to the development and use of the A-bomb will be answered. The Manhattan Project became the code name for the Top Secret US effort to produce an atomic bomb during WWII.It was named after the Manhattan engineer district of the US army, because a large amount of the early research for the bomb was done in New York City.According to Thefirst idea for the bomb came from the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938 by German Scientists, when many US scientists became fearful with the idea that Hitler might atte mpt to build a fission bomb. (The Manhattan Project, P. 24)Upset by the idea that Germany would be farther advanced than the US, in the building of a bomb, Leo Szilard wrote a letter to Albert Einstein.The idea was for Einstein to use his influences in Science to write a letter to the president of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt.In the letter Einstein pleaded for the support to further the research on the power of nuclear fission.The letters were completely successful, and President Roosevelt granted funding to begin the Manhattan Project. (Day of the Bomb, Pgs. 26-30) On October 21, 1939, just 10 days after FDR received the letter about the idea for the A-bomb, thefirst advisory meeting of the Briggs Uranium Committee was held in Washington DC upon President Roosevelts order.But once the meeting took place the interest in the idea slowly diminished in the US. (URL, The Manhattan Project. P. Another Essay Sample on Atomic Bomb In 1939 the German born Albert Einstein had informed President Roosevelt about the possibility of creating a powerful bomb. It would produce an extremely powerful explosion by the splitting of an atom. Einstein and other scientists feared that Germany might develop such a bombfirst. In 1942, the United States set up a secret project called the Manhattan Project to develop thefirst Atomic Bomb. Thefirst test explosion of the Atomic Bomb occurred in the New Mexico desert in July 1945. Roosevelt died in April of 1945, and Vice President Truman became President. Truman met with the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and the Russian Dictator Joseph Stalin, in Potsdam, Germany, in July 1945. At the Potsdam conference, a conference between the Allied forces to discuss war options, Truman learned of the successful test explosion of the Atomic Bomb. Truman informed the other Allied leaders that the Atomic Bomb was complete and ready. The United States, Britain, and China then issued a statement threatening to destroy Japan unless it surrendered unconditionally. In spite of the warning, Japan kept fighting. Japan also did more than continue fighting. Japan, knowing that an Allied invasion was inevitable, began to train its civilians to defend the Japanese homelands. On August 6,1945, at 9:20 a.m., the American military dropped the atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima out of the Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Tibbetts. This was an extremely controversial event in the United States. Many U.S citizens did not know if the United States was justified in the dropping of the atomic bomb. Historians to this day still criticize the decision that the military made. The reason for this controversy is that it is difficult to predict what would have happened if the bomb were not dropped. In my opinion, the United States was justified in this action, and I have many reasons to support my belief.

Cultural Conflict between the UK workforce versus Japanese Workforce

Cultural Conflict between the UK workforce versus Japanese Workforce Free Online Research Papers Wilson Ltd, a UK-based engineering firm in producing motorcycles realised that its business strategy needed to be revamped as it had loss market shares predominantly to the Japanese because of their far superior technology. Hence, change-management was much needed at Wilson in order for the company to ensure its survival and stay relevant as well as competitive to the market. As a result, Wilson Ltd had adopted the strategic alliances approach where international joint venture (IJV) was established in 2004 with Japanese counterpart, Akita International –a specialist motorcycle engineering firm in Japan, inaugurating Akita Motor Cycle Company. The new business strategy in the UK was to capitalise on the European niche market by producing and marketing highly engineered, small numbers of prestige-status motorcycles to be sold at premium prices. Even though newly formed joint venture Akita Motor Cycle created a separate legal entity to the business, the management was dominated largely by the Anglo-Saxon minded business thinking. It was evidently clear from the case study that the top management visvis family-led oriented type business managed by Mr. Steven Wilson, Chairman of the Board and Managing Director of Wilson’s Ltd; followed by his son, Mr. Christopher as the Marketing Director and Vice President of IJV and Mr. Kyoto, Managing Director of Akita International – the only representative of Japanese firm. This eventually led to a greater control by Mr. Christopher as compared to their Japanese counterparts. As the company grew, management faced series of problems involving cultural differences between predominantly Japanese employees and also from the typical West Midlands workforce. The mono-cultural style practised by Mr. Sendai, a highly experienced and well respected Japanese team leader was resisted by the British work colleagues. On the other hand, the Japanese workforce were also demoralised by the style of management, particularly Mr. Christopher, in handling their concerns over work conflicts in the company. This is because the management had condoned British co-workers for leaving home after five o’clock p.m. sharp while Japanese employees were still working past the hour. On one occasion, Mr. Sendai’s portrait was put on a showroom slide show causing tremendous embarrassment and being regarded as a moral attack on Mr. Sendai’s character. One problem after another, lead to a high level of tension and frustration between aggrieved workers including Mr. Chr istopher, Mr. Sendai, Ms. Fiona. In the end, work situation had worsened and need to be rectified expeditiously to avoid further failure. Question 1: Drawing on ideas and frameworks from the course, how would you analyse and evaluate the problems in the Akita Motorcycle joint venture? In today’s business environment, organisations are likely to be operating at extremely complex and dynamic in nature due to globalisation facet. More and more businesses are largely conducted in foreign countries as opposed to the traditional ways of doing business. As a result, organisations may often faced with challenges in managing culturally diverse workforce or managing cultural differences per se. Akita Motorcycle Company, a joint venture between U.K motorcycle led firm and Japanese Engineering firm is not an exception either. Schneider and Barsoux (1997) clearly states that ‘in every cross-boarder alliance, there are seeds of potential cultural conflict and misunderstanding’ . Hence, cultural conflict and/or cultural misunderstanding need to be surfaced, diagnosed and effectively managed. In order to manage the ‘conflict’, it is eminent to understand what culture is and how does cultural difference usually have an impact on business performance. Culture by definition refers to ‘systems of meaning – values, beliefs, expectation, and goals – shared by a particular group of people distinguishing them from members of other groups’ (Gooderham and Nordhaug 2003 pg 131; Schneider and Barsoux 2003, cited in Martin G. 2006). Furthermore, undermining the cultural difference can have a detrimental outcome on business performance i.e. lower sales growth or sales volume, lower return on investment / profits (financial performance), high level of dissatisfaction index among workers and customers, impact on competitive advantage index, total failure of cross boarder alliance and etc. This is supported by a study instigated by Marcoulides and Heck (1993). ‘The authors proposed a model in which organizational culture was measured using several latent variables (organizational structure, organizational values, task organization, climate, and individual values and beliefs) and organizational performance were measured using capital, market and financial indicators. The results of this study showed that all of the latent variables used to measure organizational culture had some effect on performance with workers attitudes and task organization activities being the most significant variables ’ (Marcoulides and Heck 1993 cited in Ilie L. and Gavrea C.).Therefore, there is sufficient evidence to illustrate that culture has a correlation, either positive or negative, with organisational performance. In Akita Motorcycle Company, the two predominant cultures are generally of the Japanese and Anglo-Saxon (the typical West Midlands). In a more popular term, culture is defined by ‘how we do things around here’. Since the Japanese usually has its own way of doing things around here and so does the Anglo-Saxon, cultural difference, conflict and variations ought to exist. This is for the reason that both coming from very distinctive cultures bring with them different set of expectations, value assumptions, interaction scripts, leadership styles, verbal and nonverbal habits that influence the conflict process (Toomey). Sequentially, to recognise, understand, evaluate and diagnose the problems in Akita Motorcycle Company, it is rather vital to probe to the root of the problem itself why cultural variation and/or exist and how successfully the management deal with the issues. In an attempt to answer this question, theories and framework on culture need to be addressed. In the last four decades, extensive research effort had been carried out to systematically describing cultural differences. For instance, studies of cultural differences were conducted by Kluckhohn and Strodbeck (1961), Hall (1977), Hofstede (1980), Trompenaars (1993), Schwartz (1995) Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997). Among those, the most widely accepted theoretical framework is the Hofstede’s (1980) four-cultural dimensions model (Thomas, 2008) namely ‘power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity-feminity’ . Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory and framework with supported by other research scholars’ cultural dimension will be used widely to evaluate problems in Akita Motorcycle Company. Figure 1 as shown below is outlined from the country rankings (Japan versus U.K denotes by the Great Britain) according to Hofstede’s values. The excerpt however is taken from the table outline in Managing People and Organizations in Changing Contexts (Martin, 2006) . This table will compare the cultural dimensions between Japan and the U.K, helping to understand the existence of cultural differences conflict Akita Motorcycle Company is facing. Country comparison Cultural Dimension Power Distance Individualism Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity Japan 54 46 92 95 Great Britain 35 89 35 66 Figure 1: Cultural dimension between Japan and Great Britain according to Hofstede’s study. Power Distance by definition indicates the extent to which society accepts the unequal distribution of power in institution or organisation (Schneider and Barsoux, 1997) . In terms of power distance, Japan scores higher, 54, in the cultural dimension index as compared to Great Britain at 35. This illustrates that Japanese culture would tend to be more respectful and value hierarchical status and power of a leader. This is true in the Akita case study whereby the Japanese workers have had high level of respect and support of Mr. Sendai for his leadership, authority and experience. U.K workforces, however, are on the contrary note whereby they would tend to value equality more than other factors. Therefore, U.K workers would treat their Japanese co-workers equally including Mr. Sendai according to their cultural values and beliefs. This in turn creates cultural conflict among the Japanese workers and U.K workers because Mr. Sendai’s position as a leader is now being under valu ed. For instance, the UK workforces tend to question Mr. Sendai’s management style for having work past five o’clock p.m to meet production quotas. Individualism dimension is defined in contrast to collectivism and refers to the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups (Martin, 2006) . On the other hand, Thomas (2008) describes individualism-collectivism dimension as to the ‘extent to which one self-identity is defined according to individual characteristics or by the characteristics of the group to which individual belongs on a permanent basis, and the extent to which individual or group interests dominate.’ From the Hofstede’s cultural dimension, UK scores extremely high on individualism index with 89 meanwhile Japanese counterparts only score 46. Hence, UK has embedded individualistic culture while Japan is more of a collectivist in nature. In the Akita case study, this point is clearly demonstrated. The Japanese workers always praise for group work effort and group task achievement. Furthermore, they enjoyed long working hours, start their work routine with group morning exercise and ended the day with ceremonial work song. Meanwhile, UK workforces on the other hand are highly regarded as individualistic, high initiative on individual accomplishment or achievement and enjoy autonomy. In short, Japanese foster the concept of family and sense of togetherness while their counterpart prefers the right to private life. Cultural conflict in Akita highly to occur in the individualistic versus collectivist dimension because being in a manufacturing motorcycle industry, work are largely organised on group to meet production quota. At the production line, individual work could have been completed but the overall group production quota has not been met. The UK workers are ready to go home while the Japanese workers are still struggling to meet the quota. Uncertainty avoidance in Hofstede’s own words ‘the extent to which people in a society feel threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and the extent to which they try to avoid these situations by providing greater career stability, establishing more formal rules, rejecting deviant ideas and behavior, and accepting the possibility of absolute truths and the attainments of expertise’ (Hofstede, 1980) . Japan tend to exhibit a high level of uncertainty avoidance with a score of 92 as opposed to UK with low level of uncertainty avoidance at 35. In the business context, Japanese managers are always seeking support or approval from the top management when it comes to decision making as they are trying to avoid risk taking and be blamed for the mistakes. Meanwhile, the UK managers tend to be more risk taking when making decision making. This can be tied back to the Akita case study as Mr. Sendai brought up the Japanese workers’ grievances over production conflict to the attention of Mr. Wilson asking for his wisdom and clear guidance hoping that the matter could be resolved. Masculinity dimension reveals the ‘bias towards either ‘masculine’ values of assertiveness, competitiveness, and materialism or towards ‘feminine’ values of nurturing and the quality of life and relationship (Schneider and Barsoux, 1997) ’. From the masculinity dimension, Japan exhibits element of strong masculinity with a score of 95 and UK on the other hand is moderately masculine with a score of 66. In business context, country with higher masculinity index tends to have a task accomplishment management style as contrary to quality of life for instance. In the Akita case study, this notion is true as the Japanese are more concern over working long hours in order to accomplish their task. UK counterparts on the other hand, value their personal quality time over material elements. The other cultural model that is useful to evaluate Akita’s problem is the Trompenaar’s and Hampden-Turner Dimension study which was conducted in 1997 (Martin, 2006) . Both researchers draw their ideas from sociologist and anthhropologist point of view and construct on the work of Kluckhohn and Strodbeck (1961), Parsons and Shils (1951) cited in Thomas (2008) . There are seven cultural dimensions namely universalism versus particularism; communitariarism versus individualism; neutral versus emotional; diffuse versus specific; achievement versus ascription; time orientation and environment. It is also essential to note that communitariarism versus individualism and achievement versus ascription is similar to the Hostede’s cultural dimension study namely individualism dimension and power distance dimension respectively (Martin, 2006) . Universalism versus particularism: Universalism is a belief that what is good and can be discovered and universally applied to all context (Trompenaars and Turner, 1997) . In simplest term it means ‘there is one best way of doing things’. On the other hand, particularism stresses on the obligation of relationship. Mr. Christopher, the Vice President of Akita Motorcycle company, strongly demonstrated universalism principle. American education and American attitudes embedded from his stay in the USA highly influence his leadership style. Mr. Sendai on the other hand fosters close and family tie relationship with his subordinates. Neutral versus emotional: In neutral culture, emotional need to be hold back and need not to be expressed freely. Breach to this rule would be seen as intolerable (Martin, 2006). On the other hand, emotional culture emphasis on this notion emotions can be expressed freely and openly in business environment and that is right to do so. Mr. Christopher illustrates an emotional embedded culture as he punctuated his anger at Ms. Fiona’s over the showroom dispute issue. From Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension and Trompenaar’s and Hampden-Turner Dimension study, Akita Motorcycle company’s problems can be surfaced and identified as follows: ? cultural variation / conflict problems and; ? leadership / management problems. Therefore, these problems need to be mended and well managed to keep Akita’s survival, stay viable and continue to prosper. Question 2 How could the joint venture have been led and managed effectively? You should focus on the roles and leadership styles of the principal figures in this case study, including the British and Japanese managers and workers, especially the key people mentioned in the case. It is a widely belief principle, in order for any nation or organisation to progress, the right person need to lead. However, to get the right person for the job is rather difficult unless in an ideal state. Moreover, the term ‘right person’ for the ‘right job’ is still much in debate today. What could jeopardize a great nation or organisation to progress is to have the right people for the wrong job or the right job for a wrong people. Akita Motorcycle company is no exception. Mr. Christoper’s Wilson is the son of Mr. Steve Wilson, the Chairman of the Board and Managing Director of the British joint venture. Mr. Christopher then was appointed as the Director of Marketing and Vice President of the Akita Motorcycle Company either through ‘family-linked’ business oriented system or because of his qualification in the USA with some working experience in the States. Being educated abroad, he had learned the typical American ways of doing business and more ‘Americanized’ in nature – being straightforward in his attitudes, highly individualistic, stereotype and quite provincial in his attitudes towards the Japanese, his IJV counterpart. The question worth to ponder is whether he is the right man for the job? Mr. Christopher also demonstrated a ‘laissez-fair’ leadership style. In a loose term, laissez-fair can be defined as ‘to allow events to take their own course or to let people do what they choose’ . It is evidently clear that, Mr. Wilson delegated his work through respective divisional managers i.e. Production is managed by Mr. Sendai, Ms. Fiona on Language matters while Ms. Janice incharge of the showroom. By exercising laissez-fair leadership model, maximum freedom was given to the group while the leader desires minimum control and leadership. Moreover, this kind of leadership would only give help if requested. Mr. Christopher highly exhibits this trait. In the case study discussion always commenced when issues were raised and need further discussion i.e. frustration of Japanese worker towards their U.K counterpart on working hour issues and the showroom episode involving Mr. Sendai’s slide show. On the other hand, another key figure that is highly respected by the Japanese workers is Mr. Sendai. In general, by judging to his personal traits and characteristics, he tends to be ‘happy-go-lucky, highly qualified and experienced chief engineer, serene, Buddha-like disposition, steadfast traditional values, and sizeable physical strength. Japanese culture also regards Mr. Sendai as wise because of his age. Thirty-minute exercise routine led by Mr. Sendai normally commences before typical work-day starts, and ends the day with ceremonial work song. In general this demonstrates that he foster group-work, family oriented, father figure character. Hence, he tends to display paternalism leadership style. Thomas (2008) has described paternalistic leadership as a ‘hierarchical relationship between the leader and follower, like a parent, provides direction in both the professional and private lives of subordinates in exchange for loyalty and deference’ Being promoted to a Production Manager due to his experience, expertise and wisdom, Mr. Sendai had practiced mono-cultural Japanese management techniques in the Production factory which had largely created friction between the two cultures. The UK coworkers of which on the hourly wage scheme saw their job as per nine to five basis. Japanese workers on the other hand, tend to work beyond their normal working hours as it is embedded in their working culture. In addition, the Japanese workers are on a monthly salary basis. Being a paternalistic in nature, and coming from a highly collectivist and uncertainty avoidance culture, Mr. Sendai had escalated the problem to Mr. Christopher for guidance. The clash of leadership styles and cultural variation in nature between Mr. Sendai and Mr. Christopher left the problem unsolved, hence demoralised the Japanese workforce. Furthermore, it is likely that when two distinctive cultures meet, cultural diversity emerges. Therefore potential culture clash might occur. This is true in the Akita case study when the two predominant cultures meet – the West Midlanders culture versus Japanese culture. Schneider and Barsoux (1997) proposed that: ‘†¦not only behavior, values and beliefs are different across cultures, but also that their importance to those cultures should not be underestimated. What people in one culture value or perceive as sacred (seniority or tea) maybe considered irrelevant in another culture. The trouble is that, it is difficult to recognize just what matters (and how much) to another culture-especially when we find it so hard to recognize what is important in our own’ Ms. Fiona on the other hand was hired by the management in 2005 as the Chief Language Instructor when the communication between the two cultures became difficult. She plays her part as an interpreter’s role and acts analogically as a glue to bond between the two cultures. The management of Wilson Ltd., Mr. Christopher’s exorbitant leadership, cultural conflicts, human resource issues largely had its drawbacks. Shortcomings and recommendations to best reflect these drawbacks are as follows: ? When Wilson Ltd. and Akita International determined to embark on International Joint Venture (IJV) as a strategy to add competitive advantage and value-added to Wilson Ltd. per se, the management of Wilson Ltd. had not done extensive research about their counterparts well enough. For instance, a research background on the culture, people, organisation structure, human interaction, leadership style, work norms and etc. could have given valuable information and helpful insight about the future IJV. From analysis, Wilson Ltd. expeditiously opt for IJV because the company was panicked losing their market share predominantly to the Japanese due to superior engineering technology. Hence, on board IJV seems to be the best option or strategy at that point of time. Arguably however, managing IJV successfully is often complicated and challenging. Thus, many ultimately bound to fail. Schuler et al (2004) accounts failure rate of IJV is up to 70% . For instance, Wal-Mart, a giant retailer tha t has been successfully dominated the USA market, on the other hand, failed in its attempt to penetrate Germany’s market. The illustration of the case study on Wal-Mart and overseas expansion is well discussed in the Managing People and Organizations in Changing Contexts (Martin 2006) ? Management also had failed to see the bigger picture visvis helicopter view and only identify language is the key to solve cultural differences issue. Language by all means is merely a small piece of a jigsaw puzzle in a bigger context. An analogy for understanding cultural differences has been pictured as ‘peeling an onion’ . The first and obvious layer is the outer layer where languages, foods, buildings, monuments. This visible layer is known as artifacts. The second layer entails espoused values such as strategies, goals, philosophies and etc. Finally, the deepest root of culture denotes by the inner most layer is the basic underlying assumptions, whereby this layer is invincible and unconscious to human perception. Feelings, thoughts and perceptions fall under this category. Therefore, in order to understand cultural difference as a whole, the management need to examine and analyse all three layers and not only visible to the eyes. ? As IJV has been successful for Wilson Ltd. and Akita International, a new identity and separate legal entity was formed namely, Akita Motorcyle Company. This was merely a new beginning and more challenges await. As the company started to grew, British marketing, public relations and financial accounting staff along sales force made up both British and Japanese nationals were brought into the company. The integration of these workers into the company were difficult since human resources issues were poorly managed. In fact, Human Resource Division was not once mentioned in the Akita’s case study. By establishing Human Resource Division, employees particularly would not be ‘left in the dark’ as clear guidance and formal policies on all Human Resource (HR) matters would be in-placed and implemented. Schuler (2004) commented further on the Managing Human Resources in IJV by stating that: ‘For individuals as well as teams, the importance of learning, sharing and transferring knowledge has implications for the competencies (knowledge, skills, abilities, personality, and habits) to perform their organizational roles. Ineffective HR policies and practices may produce a workforce that is incompetent and unmotivated, poorly matched with job requirements, inadequate socialized ad uncommitted to the IJV itself, and/or unable to manage their dual loyalties to the IJV and its parents’ ? With the establishment of HR division within the Akita Motorcycle Company, gap on cultural barriers/cultural conflicts or variations can be lessened via cultural training programs, job rotation among UK and Japanese workers. Such practices can foster biculturals learning experience and enriching cultural understanding and exposure. Thomas (2008) clearly defined bicultural as an ability for workers to have dual pattern of identification towards culture, apart of their own culture, and at the same time have a tendency to ‘experience more cognitive complex cultural representations than do mono-culturals’ (Benet-Martinez, Lee et al 2006 cited in Thomas 2008) . Moreover, HR can also relook into Ms. Fiona’s roles, towards more culturally liason, so that it can be more an enriching experience for her rather solely being an interpreter. ? On the other hand, any grievances pertaining to employee relations issues such as working hour’s policy, reward system can be smoothly handled as grievances could possibly be channeled properly. Communication feedbacks on grievances must also be built to help ease the parties concerned. ? Mr. Christopher also highly need to change his views towards the Japanese, thus harnessing the understanding of different culture by way of recognizing, respecting, and continuously reconciling cultural differences. Recognizing and respecting phase occasionally tend lead towards identification of potential threats and opportunities that the culture can offer. ‘Reconciliation on cultural differences’ was the idea introduced by Trompenaars F. and Woolliams P (2006) whereby both researchers suggest that: ‘It helped to identify and define behaviors and actions that vary across the world and across companies but which all integrate differences to a higher level ~ much more significantly than compromise solutions. The approach informs managers how to guide the people side of reconciling any kind of values. It has a logic that integrates differences. It is a series of behaviors that enables effective interaction with those of contrasting value systems. It reveals a propensity to share understanding of other’s position in the expectation of reciprocity’ ? In addition, Mr. Christopher’s ‘silo minded thinking’ (denotes by I-type-thinking) also need to be changed, whereby universalism principle upheld by his values likely not to be practical anymore. Instead, Mr. Christopher needs to exhibit openness and develop a broader thinking style (T-type-thinking). Mr. Christopher also needs to embrace the cultural diversity that Akita Motorcycle Company enjoys. Rather than seeing culture as a problem, cultural diversity needs to be viewed as a source of competitive advantage. In short, in making a change management program in Akita Motorcycle company a success, the leaders need to reflect and be ready to experience first hand change within self via the notion ‘led by example’ or ‘walk the talk’ .i.e. changing mindsets and attitudes. On the other hand, Human Resource Division also needs to play its part in order to close gap on people’s problem. Question 3 Suggest a strategy for change to take the company forward. As pointed out earlier, businesses and organisations are becoming more diverse and complex as a result of globalisation. Hence, organisations being multicultural in nature, must deal with the impact of cultural difference, and possibly problems that could arise from it. Slightest variation in behaviour in a culture could create conflict thus could give impact on the workforce motivation and productivity . Lower productivity and motivation largely could have a direct impact on business performance. Therefore, a strategy for change needs to be implemented successfully to solve the root of the problem – cultural conflict. For instance, Akita Motorcycle Company is facing with such conflict. In order to move forward, an appropriate change strategy is needed to effectively attempt at the problem. Martin (2006) suggests two generic models that can be used to analyse and guide the strategic change management particularly deals with cultural change . The two change models are as follo ws: ? the Intervention Strategy Model (ISM) developed by Paton, R. and McCalman, J. (2006) and; ? the Strategic Change Process Model developed by Martin, G. and Beaumont, P. (2001) The ISM model is a system driven and also based on a socio-technical platform (Paton McCalman 2008) . Fundamental components of the system are the integration between the System Intervention Strategy (SIS), developed by the Open Business School (Mayon-White, 1986) and Total Project Management (TPM), a product of Glasgow Business School (Paton and Southern, 1990) . The ISM model was subdivided into three phase namely problem initialization or identification phase; evaluation and design phase; and the implementation phase. Martin (2006) further break-up the three phase models into smaller elements that associated at different stage . The segregation model of the ISM as follows: ? Stage 1: Problem definition a) clarifying the objectives of the change b) capturing data and performance indicators c) diagnosing the system’s properties ? Stage 2: The evaluation and design phase d) analysing the system e) determining options or solutions f) evaluating options or solutions ? Stage 3: The implementation phase g) implementing the chosen option or solution h) appraisal and monitoring During the problem definition stage, Akita Motorcycle Company must identify problems arising from the cultural conflict observed by both cultures. Then the problems with a brief background of the event could be stated for further discussion. Both cultures would then view the problems in their own perspectives and agree on the problems. The shared perception on the problems could give advantage to both culture and leads to work for a solution. The whole process to some extent is believed to be motivated by the work of Jourard S (1964), a concept on the Johari Window, working on the notion of ‘how I see things / I don’t see things’ versus ‘how they see things / they don’t see things’ (Jourard S 1964 cited in Schneider and Barsoux 1997) . Performance indicators are also need to be set up allowing the data on the problems to be collected for further analysis and evaluation. At the evaluation and design stage, the data collected earlier can then be analysed by the organizational change specialist and perhaps come up with a possible solutions to the problems . Cultivating bi-cultural learning, cultural training program, working towards one corporate cuture (united organisation) or even engaging in conflict resolution are some examples of possible solutions that Akita can consider. These possible solutions will then be evaluated to see whether they are viable and reliable. Some useful techniques recommended by Martin (2006) to evaluate the solutions are of the scenario writing / planning; forecasting and scenario planning. Best possible solution would then be implemented via suitable implementation strategies to achieve the goal of the organisation. These implementation strategies include pilot testing, parallel running and big bang (Paton and McCalman, 2008) . It is important to note however that not every change strategy is a success. In the Akita case for instance, the goal is to strive in resolving cultural difference and working towards achieving cultural integration. Appraisal and monitoring program also need to be built in for future review and reference. 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