Theories and Future Research Directions †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Theories and Future Research Directions. Answer: Introduction: The advancements in the technology and the increase in globalization has brought people from different nations, cultures and religions closer to each other. The rise in the number of multinational companies have also resulted in the employment of human resources belonging to different nationalities, culture, religion, beliefs and values working together in an organization. This has both positive and negative impacts on the organizational culture. Work place diversity leads to increase in the creativity and efficiency however, on the contrary might also result in increased conflicts (Cappelli and Keller 2014). Therefore, model has become an important model that helps in managing the cultural diversity in an organization. In the given case study, Lee, a native of Korea, had lived in Australia for fifteen long years for the completion of his studies. This had resulted in the changes in the attitude, culture and lifestyle of Lee that had become different from the culture and lifestyle of the Korean residents. Once, he joined a company in Korea, he started facing several issues such as he was unable to make friends with his colleagues and his suggestions were not considered by the senior management in the company. His appearance was very different from that of his colleagues and his lifestyle was more of an Australian than a Korean. This made him demoralized and he even thought of leaving the company. Application of Hosfstedes five cultural dimension model: The situation of Lee can be very well explained by using the Hosfstedes five cultural dimension model. The power or distance dimension of Hosfstedes model indicates that the degree or level of inequality was very high in the company among both the senior team as well as the other employees (Zhao, Kwon and Yang 2016). The company had a high PD (Power/ Distance) score that indicated that the company accepted inequality as the senior management also did not take any measures to help Lee and make him comfortable in the company. The company had a high PD and it can be understood by the fact that the management took suggestions from others but did not take any actions on them. The second dimension involves individualism that refers to the strength of the relationships between the people of an organization (Ganescu, Gangone and Asandei 2014). The individualism score of the company seems to be high because the other employees did not bother to talk to Lee and be friendly with him. On the con trary, the employees kept silent and did not try to approach Lee. The third dimension is masculinity that refers to the degree to which a community adheres to the values and the roles of men and women. Japan is considered to be a highly masculine country with tough men and separate roles of men and women. The next dimension is the uncertainty or avoidance index. This refers to level of anxiety felt by the community in case of unknown conditions (Barkley and Eggertsson 2017). The communities with high uncertainty or avoidance index seem to avoid conflicting conditions. The company has a high uncertainty or avoidance index due to which it did not take any measures to solve the issue of discrimination within the organization. Due to high uncertainty or avoidance index, the company had an excessive formal approach towards conducting its business and ahs strict rules and regulations. The last dimension is long term orientation that means the level up to which the community values long- t erm traditions and customs as compared to the short- term customs and traditions (Awadh and Alyahya 2013). The company had high long- term orientation that made its organizational culture inflexible due to which the organizational members could not accept Lee. Actions to be taken by Lee According to the case study, Lee will have to adjust and adapt the culture of Korea in order to make friends and become comfortable within the organization. Lee will have to change his dressing style and appearance so that he can look like his colleagues and a resident of Korea. The organization was inflexible in terms of adaptation of culture and it is not possible for Lee alone to change the thinking of all the organizational members and the senior management. Therefore, it is necessary for Lee to change according to the organizational culture of his company to remain comfortable and work in the company. The rules and regulations varies from one company to another and it is necessary for the employees to follow them. Lee was told by his manager that colored hair and casual clothes were not permitted within the office premises and the employees were not expected to leave the office before the managers even if there was no task. Lees appearance was against the code of conduct of the company and the company would not change its rules for a single employee. Therefore, it is Lee who has to change his appearance and become suitable for the company. This would not only help him to make friends with his colleagues but would also help him become disciplined follower of the code of conduct of the company. Lee must also remain in the office premises till the time his manager leaves. This would improve his relations with his bosses (Yang et al. 2016). The employees of the company were highly individualistic as they were concerned with their own roles and responsibilities. The employees were not encouraged by the management to help their colleagues and the new employees rather they were busy with their own tasks. In this type of situation, it is not possible for Lee to be friendly with his colleagues rather he should lay more emphasis upon his work and prove his capability to the senior management. Lee is also not in a position to leave his job as he had just begun his career and finding another job would be a difficult task for him. Therefore, Lee must not expect a friendly behavior from his employees and must emphasize more upon his performance. Lee can make his own place within the organization only by proving his worth and abiding by the rules and regulations of the company. All these factors would definitely help Lee in remaining at the company and continue his job with comfort. Individualism in a company refers to the situation wherein the rights and responsibilities of the individual employees are relatively more prominent than the rights and responsibilities of the teams or groups (Bhakta et al 2016). Individualism is appropriate up to some extent but excessive individualism leads to unethical competition within the employees of an organization that hampers the growth of an organization. The success of an organization is highly dependent upon the team or group efforts rather than individual efforts. The Korean managers can deal with highly individualistic employees by making the employees understand the present and future goals and strategies of the organization. The managers can identify the gaps between talent and performance of the employees from time to time. The managers must take the decisions regarding hiring and promoting very carefully. The managers must assign team projects so that the level of individualism does not lead to unethical competitio n and conflicts within the organization. The Korean managers must focus upon the development of the talent of the employees and help them with their career planning. The managers must reward the team efforts and must ensure that there is good relations between the employees. It is the responsibility of the managers to ensure that a certain level of secrecy is maintained within an organization along with healthy relationships among the employees. The ways Korean manager can deal with individualistic employees: The Korean managers must bring certain amount of flexibility in their organizational culture and must maintain equality within the organization. Most of the companies nowadays have employees from different countries and cultural backgrounds and it is the responsibility of the managers to make them feel comfortable in the new working environment so that they can work with the same amount of efficiency that they would have in case they worked in some domestic company (Watling et al 2013). Discrimination among the employees on the basis of nationality, culture, religion, color, etc must be avoided by the Korean managers. The Korean managers must arrange for some informal meetings or gatherings wherein the employees can know each other informally and develop relationships with each other. This shall help in lowering down the excessive individualism within the employees and would make them more comfortable in working in groups (Dries 2013). The Korean managers must emphasize on the fact t hat the employees are required to accomplish the goals and objectives of an organization rather than their personal objectives. Conclusion: Therefore it can be concluded that, high level of individualism is not healthy for any organization therefore, the Korean managers must reward the employees when they help their colleagues and help in improving the overall productivity of the organization (Zhang, Liang and Sun 2013). 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